WEEK 2: Chapter 3 Flashcards
Axon to dendrite
Axodendritic
Axon to cell body
Axosomatic
Axoaconic
Axon to axon
Axon to muscle
Neuromuscular junction
Electric current flows along specialized proteins
Electrical
Both chemical and electrical transmission
Mixed
Neurotransmitters are manufactured in ______________
Presynaptic cells
Receptors for the chemical are located on the ___________ and _____________.
Postsynaptic cell, mediate the response of that cell
Neurotransmitters encompass several different kinds of Chemical Substances
1) Amino acids and monoamines
2) Acetylcholine (ACh)
3) ATP and adenosine
4) Neuropeptides, lipids, and gases
Synthesized by a different mechanism than other transmitters. Synthesized from precursor proteins that are synthesized in the cell body and shipped to the axon terminals.
Neuropeptides
Alter the action of standard neurotransmitters. Chemicals that do not act like typical neurotransmitters.
Neuromodulators
Ca2+ mediates release of transmitter from vesicles
Exocytosis
Transmitters are released only at ___________.
Active Zones
Vesicles are recycled by ____________.
Endocytosis
Three models of Vesicle recycling
1) Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
2) Ultrafast endocytosis
3) Kiss-and-run
Recycles large amounts of vesicle membrane during high rates of neuronal activity
Bulk Endocytosis
________ and _________________ Transmitters that are not released from synaptic vesicles
Lipid and Gaseous
Regulate the firing patterns of dopamine neurons and control the timing and amount of dopamine released from their terminals in target regions.
Autoreceptor
Inhibit further transmitter release
Terminal autoreceptors
Receive transmitters at axoaxonic synapses; either enhance or reduce transmitter release.
Heteroreceptors
Some neurotransmitters are synthesized by gut bacteria; drugs may alter the _________ and influence health
Human microbiome
Refers to signaling back and forth between the gut. (Including the gut microbiome) and the brain
Gut-brain axis
Proteins on plasma membranes of a neuron, muscle cell, or secretory cell
Receptors
____________ consist of multiple __________ that together form an Ion Channel
Ionotropic Receptors and Subunits
Decreased responsiveness that occurs with repeated or chronic exposure to agonist.
Desensitization
Metabotropic receptors consist of a single subunit that works by _____________
Activating G Proteins
Involved in synthesis or breakdown of second messengers.
Effector enzymes
Activate protein kinases that phosphorylate another protein molecule
Second messengers
_________: Breaks down a phospholipid in the cell membrane to form two second messengers: ____________ and _______________
Phosphoinositide second-messenger system, diacylglycerol (DAG) and Inositol Trisphosphate (IP3)
Increased Ca2+ activates __________ and _________
Protein kinase C (PKC) and Calcium/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII)
Mediate the action of neurotrophic factors
Tyrosine Kinase Receptors
Stimulates survival and growth of neurons during early development and are involved in neuronal signaling
Neurotrophic factors
List of alteration that is caused by drugs
1) Increase or decrease transmitter synthesis
2) Block transmitter breakdown or inhibit reuptake
3) Autoreceptor agonists reduce transmitter release, autoreceptor antagognists enhance release
4) Mimic or inhibit transmitter’s effect on receptors.
Metabotropic receptors have additional binding sites ____________
Allosteric sites
Bind to ___________ sites and modify (positively or negatively) the effects of a ligand (endogenous or a drug)
Allosteric modulators
Functional changes in strength of existing synapses.Neurons can rapidly change the size and shape of dendritic spines, grow new spines, and/or lose existing ones.
Synaptic Plasticity
Secreted by endocrine glands; circulate in the bloodstream
Hormones
What does adrenal medulla secretes
1) Epinephrine (EPI) and Norepinephrine (NE)
What does Adrenal cortex secretes?
Glucocorticoids (steroid hormones)
What does Gonads do?
Ovaries secrete estrogens and progesterone
Testes secrete androgens (testosterone)
Secrete insulin and glucagon (peptide hormones) - regulation of glucose
Islets of Langerhans
Secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) - regulate energy metabolism
Thyroid Gland
Secretes melatonin - control of sleep and other rhythms
Pineal gland
Secretes hormones that control other glands
Pituitary gland
Secretes stimulation hormones: TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, and PRL.
Anterior pituitary
Secretes releasing hormones to trigger secretion of stimulating hormones by the anterior pituirary
Hypothalamus
Released by neurons in the median eminence
Hypothalamic releasing hormones
Stimulates TSH, ACTH, FSH and LH.
1) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
2) Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
3) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Synthesized in the hypothalamus by neurons whose axons reach the Posterior pituitary gland
Vasopressing (VP) and Oxytocin (OT)
Can influence a variety of social behaviors, including empathy, altruism, trust, and social memory.
Oxytocin research
Steroid and thyroid hormones operate mostly through intracellular receptors in the cell nucleus
Transcriotion factors
Important to Pharmacologists
Endocrine System
