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PSYC 3320 > WEEK 1: Chapter 2 > Flashcards

WEEK 1: Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Transmit information in the form of electric signaling

A

Neurons

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2
Q

Provide metabolic support, protection, and insulation

A

Glial cells

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3
Q

Convert physical stimuli into electrical signals

A

Sensory neuron

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4
Q

Direct bio-behavioral responses appropriate for the situation

A

Motor neuron

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5
Q

In brain and spinal cord; form interacting neural circuits; responsible for conscious sensations, recognition, memory, decision-making, cognition.

A

Interneurons

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6
Q

Cell body

A

Soma

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7
Q

Receive information from other cells across the synapse between

A

Dendrites

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8
Q

Conducts signal from cell body to terminal

A

Axon

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9
Q

Each neuron receives/integrates information from many cells

A

Convergence

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10
Q

Information may be transmitted from one neuron to a few or thousands of other neurons

A

Divergence

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11
Q

______ and ______ are constantly modified and can change in size, shape and in response to changes in synaptic transmission.

A

Dendrites and Spines

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12
Q

Terminal buttons have ____________ containing _______________ chemicals

A

Synaptic vesicles and Neurotransmitter

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13
Q

Are breaks in the myelin sheath, where action potentials are regenerated.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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14
Q

Most axons are wrapped with _________, a fatty insulating coating created by layers of glial cells

A

Myelin Sheath

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15
Q

___________: Proteins that promote or obstruct formation of mRNAs by binding to the ______________ of the gene, modifying its rate of transcription

A

Transcription factors: promoter region

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16
Q

Production of complementary mRNA from DNA; takes place in nucleus

A

Transcription

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17
Q

_____________: Building protein molecules by linking amino acids specified by mRNA; takes place on ___________ in the cytoplasm

A

Translation and Ribosomes

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18
Q

Control of gene expression by chromosome modifications that don’t affect the DNA code

A

Epigenetics

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19
Q

Form myelin sheaths in the PNS, wrap one axon, promote regeneration of damaged axons

A

Schwann cells

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20
Q

Form myelin sheaths in the CNS; wrap many axons

A

Oligodendroglia

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21
Q

Structural support for neurons; modulate the extracellular environment; take up excess neurotransmitters

A

Astrocytes

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22
Q

Remove dying cells by phagocytosis at sites of nerve damage; source of immune response in the CSN

A

Microglia

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23
Q

Proteins made in the soma must be transported to the axon terminals

A

Axoplasmic transport

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24
Q

Depends on structures in the ____________–microtubules and neurofilaments that provide the cell shape

A

Cytoskeleton

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25
Q

Form a track for protein transport to the axon terminals, and back

A

Microtubules

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26
Q

Motor protein activated. Packet with newly synthesized protein

A

Anterograde

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27
Q

Motor protein activated. Organelle carrying waste materials

A

Retrograde

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28
Q

Proteins in the cell membrane include: _________, ___________, _____________, and _______________

A

Receptors, enzymes, ion channels, and transporters

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29
Q

Opens when a ligand binds to a receptor

A

Ligand-gated channel

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30
Q

Opens when electrical potential across the membrane is altered

A

Voltage-gated channel

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31
Q

_____________: inside of cell is more negative than outside: -70 millivolts (mV); it is _________.

A

Resting membrane potential and polarized

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32
Q

Elements that are more concentrated outside the cell

A

Na+ and Cl-

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33
Q

Helps maintain the ion distribution.

A

Na+-K+ pump

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34
Q

Rapid change in membrane potential that is propagated down the length of the axon

A

Action potential

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35
Q

Are Small, Transient Changes in Membrane Potential

A

Local Potentials

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36
Q

A stimulus opens Na+ channels to allow a few ions into cell; inside of cell becomes slightly more positive (excitatory)

A

Depolarization

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37
Q

A stimulus opens Cl- channels to allow a few ions into cell; inside of cell becomes more negative (inhibitory)

A

Hyperpolarization

38
Q

Neurotransmitters act on the postsynaptic membranes; effects are called _______________________ or ______________________.

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSPs) or Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)

39
Q

Graded - the larger the stimulus, the greater the magnitude of _________ or __________

A

Summation (integration)

40
Q

Na+ channels close and cannot be opened for a fixed period-the_____________

A

Absolute refractory period

41
Q

When summation of local potentials reaches the threshold of ______, many voltage-gated _______channels open, and it rushes into the cell, and membrane potential jumps to _______.

A

-50 mV, Na+, +40 mV.

42
Q

In myelinated axons, regeneration of the action potential occurs only at nodes of Ranvier; faster transmission; uses less energy for Na+-K+ pumps

A

Saltatory conduction

43
Q

______ and ______ alter Axon Conduction

A

Drugs and Poisons

44
Q

Block voltage-gated Na+ channels

A

Local anesthesia (Novacaine)

45
Q

Some ___________ bind to closed Na+ channels, prolonging the refractory state of the channel, slowing down the firing rate.

A

Antiepileptic Drugs

46
Q

In shellfish exposed to red tides block Na+ channels throughout the nervous system, when the _________ is ingested

A

Neurotoxins

47
Q

Brain and Spinal cord

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

48
Q

All nerves outside Central nervous system

A

Peripheral Nervous system

49
Q

Peripheral nervous system. ______________ controls voluntary muscles with spinal nerves and cranial nerves

A

Somantic system

50
Q

Controls function of organs and glands with autonomic nerves and some cranial nerves.

A

Autonomic nervous system

51
Q

Nerves carry information to the spinal cord; soma are in the dorsal root ganglia

A

Sensory afferent

52
Q

Nerves result in voluntary movement; soma are in ventral horn

A

Motor efferent

53
Q

Serve head and neck; not all are mixed nerves; some innervate glands and organs

A

Cranial nerves

54
Q

Division dominates during times of stress, excitement, and exertion; the “fight-or-flight” system.

A

Sympathetic

55
Q

Division dominates when energy reserves can be conserved and stored for later use.

A

Parasympathetic

56
Q

Layers of tissue that cover and protect brain and spinal cord.

A

Meninges

57
Q

Outermost layer; toughest

A

Dura mater

58
Q

Has a weblike sublayer (subarachnoid space) filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Arachnoid

59
Q

Thin layer on top of nerve tissue

A

Pia mater

60
Q

Acts like a cushion that helps protect your brain and spinal. Surrounds brain and spinal cord, fills cerebral ventricles and central channel in the spinal cord; formed in the choroid plexus

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

61
Q

__________: gray matter contains neuron cell bodies; white matter is myelinated axons; enlarges into the ___________–medulla, pons, and midbrain

A

Spinal cord and brain stem

62
Q

Regulates heart rate, digestion, respiration, blood pressure, coughing, vomiting

A

Medulla (myelencephalon)

63
Q

Pons and cerebellum

A

Metencephalon

64
Q

Collection of nuclei that influence arousal, attention, sleep, and muscle tone

A

Reticular formation

65
Q

Axons extend to many forebrain areas; neurons use norepinerphrine; cause arousal, increased vigilance, and attention

A

Locus coeruleus

66
Q

Neurons use serotonin; axons reach all forebrain areas; regulate sleep, aggression, impulsiveness, emotion, etc.

A

Dorsal and median raphe nuclei

67
Q

Sensorimotor Center

A

Cerebellum

68
Q

Connects to pons by axon bundles

A

Cerebellar Peduncles

69
Q

Contains parts of the visual and auditory systems

A

Tectum

70
Q

(Midbrain) has two divisions

A

Mesencephalon

71
Q

Periaqueductal gray (PAG), Substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area

A

Tegmentum

72
Q

Modulation of pain; rich in opioid receptors; important site for morphine binding.

A

Periaqueductal gray (PAG)

73
Q

Long axons innervate the striatum in the basal ganglia; use dopamine; critical for initiation and modulation of movement.

A

Substantia nigra

74
Q

Use dopamine; some axons extend into limbic system-the mesolimbic tract

A

Ventral Tegmental area (VTA)

75
Q

Thalamus and hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

76
Q

Receives sensory and motor information and passes it on to the cortex

A

Thalamus

77
Q

Receives information about the internal environment and coordinates with the limbic system to maintain internal states (homeostasis)

A

Hypothalamus

78
Q

_____: stress response depends on interaction of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland

A

HPA axis

79
Q

Paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus secretes _________________.

A

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), anterior pituitary secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), adrenal cortex increases secretion of cortisol

80
Q

Integrates emotional responses and regulates motivated behavior and learning

A

Limbic system

81
Q

Closely associated with establishment of new long-term memories and spatial memory

A

Hippocampus

82
Q

Coordinates various components of emotional responses through profuse connections with other brain areas

A

Amygdala

83
Q

Are involved in motor control.

A

Basal Ganglia

84
Q

Neural pathway that connects the hemispheres

A

Corpus Callosum

85
Q

The Cerebral Cortex is divided into Four Lobes

A

Parietal, occipital, temporal, frontal

86
Q

Conscious awareness of sensory experience and initial processing

A

Primary cortex

87
Q

Analyzes information from primary areas, providing perception of the stimulus. Also where memories are stored.

A

Secondary Cortex

88
Q

Higher-order perceptual functions needed for purposeful action

A

Tertiary association areas

89
Q

Primary motor cortex mediates voluntary muscle movements; secondary motor cortex stores memories for well-learned motor sequences.

A

Frontal Lobe

90
Q

Critical for making decisions, planning actions, and evaluating optional strategies. This area is impaired in many psychiatric disorders.

A

Prefrontal Cortex

91
Q

_____ and ________ brains have many similarities and some differences

A

Rat and Human Brains

PSYC 3320 (3 decks)

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