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Nutritional Biochemistry - MSN 6200 > Week 2 - Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 - Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Main structures of the digestive tract (top to bottom)

A 
Oral cavity
(Pharynx)
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
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2
Q

Upper GI tract =

A

oral cavity, esophagus

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3
Q

Lower GI tract =

A

stomach, intestines

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4
Q

Digestive tract accessory organs

A

pancreas, liver, gallbladder

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5
Q

4 layers of lumen of digestive tract (inner to outer)

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa (adventitia)

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6
Q

Mucosa - 3 sublayers

A

epithelium, lamina propria (lymphoid tissue), muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle)

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7
Q

Mucosa - epithelium contains

A

contains endocrine and exocrine cells

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8
Q

Submucosa - 3 sublayers

A

connective tissue, lymphoid tissue, submucosal plexus

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9
Q

Submucosa generally gives the lumen

A

flexibility

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10
Q

Muscularis externa - 3 components

A

circular/longitudinal smooth muscle, myenteric plexus

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11
Q

Serosa/adventitia

A

connective tissue, visceral peritoneum

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12
Q

3 salivary glands

A

Above tongue - parotid

Below tongue - submandibular, sublingual

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13
Q

Oral cavity moves food through ___ to ___ by ____

A

through pharynx to esophagus by swallowing

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14
Q

Bolus =

A

in esophagus, = food + salivary juices

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15
Q

3 stages of swallowing

A

voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal

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16
Q

Peristalsis

A

wave-like motion from muscle fibers contracting and relaxing

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17
Q

Gastroesophageal sphincter

A

between esophagus and stomach, aka lower esophageal sphincter

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18
Q

GERD aggravated by

A

smoking, chocolate, high-fat foods, alcohol, and carminatives (peppermint/spearmint) promote relaxation of the esophageal sphincter and increase the likelihood of acid reflux

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19
Q

4 main regions of the stomach

A

Cardia - top
Fundus
Body - main
Antrum or distal pyloric region - bottom with pyloric sphincter

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20
Q

Food in the stomach =

A

chyme, = food + gastric juices

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21
Q

Rugae in stomach (folds) purpose

A

increase SA

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22
Q

Stomach is ______ but small intestine is ______

A

Stomach - acidic

Small intestine - alkaline

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23
Q

Stomach pH approx

A

2

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24
Q

Barrier between stomach and small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

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25
Q

Gastric (stomach) glands (3)

A

cardiac, oxyntic, pyloric

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26
Q

Cells in gastric glands (4)

A

Neck (mucus)
Parietal (oxyntic)
Chief (peptic or zymogenic)
Enteroendocrine

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27
Q

Neck (mucus) cells

A

secrete bicarbonate and mucus

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28
Q

Parietal (oxyntic)

A

secrete HCl and intrinsic factor

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29
Q

Chief (peptic/zymogenic) cells

A

secrete enzymes that break down proteins (pepsinogens)

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30
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

produce hormones like gastrin that stimulates other cells to secrete

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31
Q

Gastric juice components

A

HCl, enzymes (pepsin, amylase, lipase), mucus, intrinsic factor

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32
Q

HCl function in stomach (4)

A

Converts pepsinogen to pepsin
Denatures proteins
Releases nutrients from organic complexes
Acts as bacteriocide

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33
Q

Enzymes in stomach mostly

A

pepsin - mostly protein digestion occurs in the stomach

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34
Q

Pepsin is an

A

endopeptidase; hydrolyzes interior peptide bones within proteins; optimal activity at about 3.5 pH

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35
Q

alpha amylase in stomach

A

originates from salivary glands; retains some activity until inactivated by low pH of gastric juice

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36
Q

Gastric lipase

A

made by chief cells

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37
Q

Mucus in stomach stimulated by

A

prostaglandins and nitric oxide

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38
Q

Intrinsic factor is necessary to

A

absorb B12

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39
Q

What’s absorbed in the stomach

A

water, alcohol, a few drugs and a few minerals

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40
Q

HCl important for _____, IF important for ______

A

HCl - iron

IF - B12

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41
Q

HCl release stimulated by

A

gastrin, acetylcholine (NT released by neurons in myenteric plexus), histamine

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42
Q

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

A

usually caused by a tumor, extremely high levels of gastrin into the blood (–>hypergastrinemia) –> formation of multiple ulcers

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43
Q

Peptic ulcers result when

A

normal defense and repair systems that protect the GI tract are disrupted

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44
Q

Most common cause of peptic ulcers

A

H. pylori

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45
Q

Can disrupt barriers and –> peptic ulcers

A

aspririn, alcohol, and NSAIDs

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46
Q

Migrating motility complex/myoelectric complex

A

sweeps out the GI contents and prevents bacterial overgrowth in the intestine

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47
Q

Gastric emptying following a meal usually take between

A

2 to 6 hours

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48
Q

Zooming in on small intestine

A

folds of kerkring –> villi/crypts of lieberkuhn –> microvilli

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49
Q

_________ in the small intestine is where nutrients are absorbed

A

capillary network in the villi

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50
Q

Each cell within a villus has

A

a brush border with microvilli

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51
Q

Microvilli

A

hair-like extensions of the cells’ plasma membranes

52
Q

Crypts of lieberkuhn

A

cells in the crypts will migrate up to eventually become absorptive cells in the tips of the villus

53
Q

Enterocyte (small intestine cell) turnover occurs every

A

3-5 days

54
Q

Factors that increase intestinal secretions and motility (4)

A

1) VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) in myenteric plexus
2) Neuropeptide substance P
3) Motilin
4) CCK

55
Q

Factors that decrease secretions and motility in the small intestine (3)

A

1) Peptide YY
2) Secretin
3) Glucagon-like peptides

56
Q

Hormone definition

A

act at a distant location; can be protein or not

57
Q

3 ways nutrients cross cell membrane to be absorbed

A

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport

58
Q

2 ways nutrients are absorbed that depends on a concentration gradient

A

Simple and facilitated diffusion

59
Q

Simple diffusion

A

water and small lipids cross into intestinal cells freely

60
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

water-soluble nutrients (etc.) diffuse using a transporter protein

61
Q

Active transport

A

Some nutrients (like glucose and AA) move against a concentration gradient using ATP

62
Q

Immune cells and tissues are found throughout the GI tract but especially high concentrations in the

A

small intestine

63
Q

Immune system protection of the GI tract (2 types of tissue)

A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) - non-mucosal layer

64
Q

Pancreas is located

A

right below stomach

65
Q

2 types of active cells in the pancreas

A

1) ductless endocrine

2) acinar exocrine

66
Q

Pancreatic ductless endocrine cells secrete

A

hormones (insulin, glucagon etc.) into the blood

67
Q

Pancreatic acinar exocrine cells secrete

A

digestive enzymes (produce pancreatic juice)

68
Q

Pancreatic juice contains

A

bicarbonate, electrolytes, digestive enzymes

69
Q

Pancreatic juice bicarbonate purpose

A

neutralizes the acidic chyme

70
Q

Secretions from the pancreas go into the

A

small intestine

71
Q

3 parts of small intestine

A

duodenum (1st), jejunum (longest), ileum (last)

72
Q

Islets of langerhans

A

ductless endocrine portion of pancreas that secretes hormones

73
Q

Pancreatic enzymes work on

A

fat and carb mostly

74
Q

Factors that promote pancreatic secretion

A

Secretin, CCK, neuropeptide substance P, VIP

75
Q

Liver consists of

A

2 lobes made of lobules

76
Q

Owing to the alkaline pH of bile, the conjugated bile acids combine with _______ to form bile salts

A

sodium, potassium, or calcium

77
Q

Bile is made in the

A

liver

78
Q

Bile is composed of

A

bile acids, salts, cholesterol, phospholipids, and bile pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin) in an alkaline solution

79
Q

About 90% of the bile acids and salts secreted into the duodenum are

A

reabsorbed in the ileum

80
Q

Bile goes to

A

small intestine

81
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by ___ and does what?

A

small intestine, stimulates gallbladder to contract and release bile

82
Q

________ inhibits gallbladder contraction

A

somatostatin

83
Q

Gallstones form when

A

bile becomes supersaturated with cholesterol

84
Q

Some medication enhance (cholesterol meds)

A

fecal excretion of bile to reduce cholesterol

85
Q

After aiding in lipid digestion, the bile constituents are reabsorbed from the ileum and returned to ___ via

A

the liver via the hepatic portal vein

86
Q

Gallbladder contracts to release bile into the ____ which combines with the ______ to form the _________ which goes to small intestine

A

Gallbladder contracts to release bile into the cystic duct which combines with the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct which goes to small intestine

87
Q

Carb –>
Protein –>
Fats/lipids –>

A

Carb –> monosaccharides
Protein –> AA
Fats/lipids –> triglycerides and FAs

88
Q

Mechanism of absorption depends on

A

solubility (fat vs water), concentration of electrical gradient, size of molecule

89
Q

Unabsorbed molecules continue to

A

colon (large intestine)

90
Q

Colon contracts to

A

mix materials

91
Q

Proximal colonic epithelia absorb

A

Na, Cl, H2O

92
Q

Materials in the colon are

A

dehydrated

93
Q

Passage of material through the colon takes

A

12-70 hours

94
Q

Ileocecal sphincter is where

A

the ileum connects to the large intestine

95
Q

Lots of bacteria in

A

large intestine

96
Q

Presence of SCFAs from bacteria effectively

A

lowers pH of colon to effect nutrient absorption

97
Q

SCFAs including butyric acid stimulate…

A

GI cell proliferation and maintain integrity of intestinal epithelial cells

98
Q

Probiotics are thought to (5)

A

1) Enhance immunity
2) Prevent colonization by pathogens
3) Lower pH of colon
4) Transform/promote excretion of toxic substances
5) Enhance fecal bulk (may decrease transit time)

99
Q

Myenteric plexus - 2 main functions

A

peristalsis, motility

100
Q

Submucosal plexus - 2 main functions

A

secretions, local blood flow

101
Q

Paracrines

A

have a local action, diffuse through extracellular spaces to target tissue rather than being secreted into the blood

102
Q

Enteric nervous system = nervous system of the GI tract subdivided into 2 networks

A

myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus

103
Q

NPY in hypothalamus

A

stimulation –> hunger

104
Q

Ghrelin (hunger regulation)

A

from stomach, stimulates NPY

105
Q

PYY (hunger regulation)

A

From large and small intestines, inhibits NPY

106
Q

CCK (hunger regulation)

A

From small intestine, inhibits NPY

107
Q

Insulin (hunger regulation)

A

From pancreas, inhibits NPY

108
Q

MCS (melanocortin secreting hormones) in hypothalamus

A

stimulation –> satiety

109
Q

Leptin (hunger regulation)

A

From adipose tissue, stimulates MCS

110
Q

PYY prevents

A

stomach from emptying too quickly

111
Q

Short term appetite regulators

A

ghrelin, PYY, CCK

112
Q

Long term appetite regulators

A

Leptin, insulin

113
Q

Human obesity is linked to unresponsiveness to

A

leptin

114
Q

Leptin inhibits secretion of

A

appetite stimulants

115
Q

GERD can result in

A

esophagitis

116
Q

Symptoms of GERD

A

heartburn, sometimes excessive belching or coughing

117
Q

IBD characterized by

A

acute, relapsing or chronic inflammation of the GI tract, especially the intestines

118
Q

How does IBD impair nutrient absorption?

A

Diminishes brush border activity
Reduces transit time
Causes direct damage to enterocytes

119
Q

Symptoms of IBD

A

diarrhea and steatorrhea

120
Q

General recs for IBD

A

low fat diet bc fat digestion is impaired

inc. vit./nutrients/pritein because lost or not well absorbed

121
Q

In Celiac disease, gluten consumption –>

A

inflammation of small intestine and attack of mucosa by immune cells, villi damaged

122
Q

Chronic pancreatitis can result from

A

long-term excessive use of alcohol, gallstones, liver disease, viral infections, and certain medications

123
Q

With chronic pancreatiti, pancreas can ultimately fail to

A

produce sufficient digestive enzymes and juices

124
Q

Chronic pancreatitis symptoms

A

pain (esp. with eating), nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

125
Q

Chronic pancreatitis diet

A

needs to be low-fat because not enough pancreatic lipase

Nutritional Biochemistry - MSN 6200 (2 decks)

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