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Nutritional Biochemistry - MSN 6200 > Week 1 - Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 - Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic

A

Eukaryotic - nucleus, animals, plant, fungi

Prokaryotic - unicellular, bacteria and archaea

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2
Q

Phospholipids in plasma membrane

A

phosphoglycerides + phosphingolipids

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3
Q

The plasma membrane (3 functions)

A

1) Isolates the cell’s internal and external environments
2) Regulates flow of materials into and out of the cell
3) Allows for interaction with other cells

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4
Q

The plasma membrane is _______ - the inside and outside faces are _____

A

asymmetrical, different

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5
Q

More cholesterol in plasma membrane =

A

less fluid

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6
Q

Glycocalyx definition

A

layers of carbohydrate on the cell’s outer surface

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7
Q

Glycocalyx is thought to act as

A

specificity markers for the cell and as an antennae to pick up signals

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8
Q

Cytoplasmic matrix definition

A

a structure within the cytosol that makes up the cytoskeleton
= cytoskeleton + fluid

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9
Q

Cytoplasmic matrix provides (4 functions)

A

1) Structural support
2) Framework for positioning organelles
3) Network to direct movement inside cell
4) Means of independent locomotion for specialized cells

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10
Q

3 components of the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

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11
Q

Fluid of cytoplasmic matrix contains

A

small molecules such as glucose, AA, oxygen, and CO2

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12
Q

Microtubules

A

rigid structures that provide mechanical support for the cell to determine its shape

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13
Q

Microfilaments are

A

assembled/disassembled for locomotion, changes in cell shape, phagocytosis etc

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14
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

provide mechanical strength to cells

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15
Q

Cytoplasmic matrix also functions in

A

intercellular communication, transfer of DNA/RNA

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16
Q

The structural arrangement of the cytoplasmic matrix may influence

A

all metabolic pathways including glycolysis, FA synthesis etc.

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17
Q

Mitochondria - site of

A

energy production, oxygen use, cellular respiration

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18
Q

Outer mito membrane is

A

porous

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19
Q

Inner mito membrane is (2)

A

folded to increase SA, selectively permeable

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20
Q

Inner mito membrane is the site of

A

ETC

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21
Q

ETC is central to the process of

A

ox phos

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22
Q

The function of the ETC is to

A

couple the energy released by nutrient oxidation to the formation of ATP

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23
Q

Nuclear envelope is composed of

A

2 bilayer membranes (inner and outer)

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24
Q

Nucleoli is

A

condensed chromatin - contains DNA, histones, and RNA

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25
Q

Nucleus activity

A

initiates and regulates most cellular activities

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26
Q

Chromatin is the

A

spread out form of DNA, condenses into chromosomes when ready to divide

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27
Q

DNA BP

A

ATGC

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28
Q

RNA BP

A

AUGC

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29
Q

Nucleotide pairing (complementary base pairing) occurs by

A

hydrogen bonds

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30
Q

Cell transcription uses what enzyme

A

RNA polymerase

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31
Q

After transcription,

A

splicing of introns by spliceosome - mature mRNA leaves nucleus

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32
Q

mRNA is synthesized in the ______ then moves to ______

A

nucleus, rough ER

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33
Q

What brings AA to mRNA on ribosomes?

A

tRNA

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34
Q

If the abundance of a protein increases, it’s most likely due to

A

increased translation

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35
Q

The primary mechanism by which gene expression is modified by bioactive factors in food appears to be

A

interaction with transcription factors

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36
Q

Western blot -

A

proteins separate by weight, electrical separation

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37
Q

Can be used to see if treatment with a drug increased protein expression

A

Western blot

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38
Q

Sequencing protein can be done by

A

first separating on western blot

39
Q

Southern blot separates

A

DNA

40
Q

Northern blot separates

A

RNA

41
Q

Smooth ER is associated with what function

A

lipid synthesis

42
Q

Rough ER associated with what function

A

protein synthesis

43
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum is

A

smooth ER in muscle

44
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum contains the

A

calcium ion pump - a necessity for the contractile process

45
Q

The ER is a quality control organelle in that…

A

it prevents proteins that have not achieved normal tertiary or quaternary structure from reaching the cell surface

46
Q

Golgi is further from nucleus than

A

ER

47
Q

Golgi function

A

protein trafficking and sorting - packages materials into vesicles for transport and folds proteins into usable shapes or adds lipids/carbs

48
Q

Cis-golgi

A

entrance

49
Q

Trans-golgi

A

exit

50
Q

Golgi connected to ER by

A

transport vesicles

51
Q

What dictates what protein goes where?

A

Leader sequence at the amino end of the protein

52
Q

Lysosomes and peroxisomes similarity

A

look similar, bundles of enzymes surrounded by a single membrane

53
Q

Lysosomes function nickname

A

cell’s digestive system, recycling center

54
Q

Peroxisomes function overall

A

site of oxidative catabolic reactions, detox

55
Q

Lysosomes 4 functions

A

phagocytosis, autolysis, bone resorption, hormone secretion and regulation

56
Q

Phagocytosis

A

foreign substances taken up by the cell are digested

57
Q

Autolysis

A

intracellular components, including organelles, are digested

58
Q

Peroxisomes 3 functions

A

oxidize FA to acetyl CoA, AA catabolism, detox reactions

59
Q

Intracellular stimuli of apoptosis (3)

A

1) DNA damage
2) Release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm
3) hypoxia

60
Q

Extracellular stimuli of apoptosis

A

Tumor necrosis factor hormones

61
Q

3 mechanisms of apoptosis

A

intracellular, extracellular, oncosis (cellular swelling)

62
Q

Dead cells are removed by

A

phagocytosis

63
Q

With apoptosis cell contents are

A

never released into the extracellular fluid

64
Q

Apoptosis (programmed cell death) vs pathological cell death

A

pathological - causes inflammation and possible autoimmune reactions

65
Q

The mitochondrial membrane protein ____ can prevent apoptosis by blocking the release of cyt c

A

bcl-2

66
Q

Both these vitamins are involved in cell death/survival pathways

A

retinoic acid form of vitamin A and vitamin D

67
Q

3 types of cellular proteins

A

receptors, transport proteins, enzymes

68
Q

CAM is

A

cell adhesion molecule - protein that binds one cell to another

69
Q

Cell identity marker protein

A

Glycoprotein that distinguishes identity, can distinguish self from foreign

70
Q

3 types of receptors

A

1) Internal chemical signal
2) Ion channel
3) Internalization stimulus

71
Q

Internal chemical signal receptor example

A

cAMP - activates proteins that phosphorylate (activate/deactivate) enzymes

72
Q

Ion channel receptor type

A

binding of ligand signals channel to open allowing ions (ex: sodium) through

73
Q

Internalization stimulus receptor

A

ligand binds with receptor, ligand and receptor move into a clathrin-coated pit, pit closes off and forms a vesicle, ligand is used by cell or undergoes lysosomal degradation, receptor is recycled to membrane

74
Q

Interalization stimulus receptor examples

A

insulin, triiodothyronine

75
Q

Transport proteins can be…

A

channels (always open) of gated ion channels

76
Q

Proteins can act as a transporter but also have

A

a secondary role (ex: enzyme)

77
Q

Vmax

A

enzyme velocity at substrate saturation - no matter how much more substrate you give the reaction rate has topped out

78
Q

Km

A

Michaelis-Menton constant; concentration of a substrate when reaction is at 1/2 of Vmax

79
Q

High Km = ___ affinity of enzyme for substrate

A

low affinity; they’re inversely related

80
Q

If a reaction is reversible it means

A

the same enzyme can catalyze a reaction in both directions

81
Q

3 modes of enzyme regulation

A

1) Covalent modification
2) Modulation of allosteric enzymes
3) Enzyme induction

82
Q

Covalent modification of enzymes means

A

an enzyme is inactive until a modification is made (ex: phosphorylation)

83
Q

Allosteric site

A

any site on an enzyme other than the active site

84
Q

Allosteric modulators work by

A

changing the conformation of parts of the enzyme; may be positive or negative

85
Q

Enzyme induction

A

changes in concentration of inducible enzymes; increasing enzyme synthesis or blocking mRNA production for enzyme

86
Q

Diagnostic enzymology

A

focuses on measuring serum levels of enzymes which indicates the cell is damaged and thus has leaked enzymes

87
Q

Conditions for (enzyme) diagnostic suitability (4)

A

1) Organ/tissue specific
2) Steep concentration gradient between cell and surroundings
3) Must function in cytoplasm
4) Must be stable

88
Q

1 cal = _ J

A

4.18

89
Q

ATP synthesis is what type of reaction

A

endothermic, requiring energy, “uphill”

90
Q

Exothermic reactions still require

A

a catalyst

91
Q

The quantity of energy release in an exothermic reaction is ____ the quantity required for the reverse endothermic reaction

A

the same as

92
Q

Activation energy

A

the energy needed to raise the energy of a reactant sufficiently to cause an exothermic reaction to occur

93
Q

Nutrigenomics (4 principles)

A

1) Environmental factors have an effect on the expression of genes
2) Identifying which genes respond to which environmental factors
3) Defining the mechanisms involved
4) Determining useful health-related application of these interactions

Nutritional Biochemistry - MSN 6200 (2 decks)

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