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Body Systems > Week 2 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Week 2 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pulmonary veins

A

they are veins that carries blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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2
Q

Identify the left ventricle

A
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3
Q

how many O2 molecules are carried in one red blood cell?

A

1,000,000,000 1 billion

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4
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

Depolarisation of the ventricles

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5
Q

In the anterior surface what is the largest landmark on the heart

A

60% of what you see in the anterior surface is the right ventricle

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6
Q

Identify the ventricular septum

A
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7
Q

Where do Ca+ ions enter the SA node cell?

A

B

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8
Q

Atropine blocks the muscarinic receptors. what effect would it have on HR?

A

This would block the action of the parasympathetic and so HR would increase

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9
Q

What does blood transport around the body?

A

Delivers oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide. Delivers nutrients and hormones Water and electrolytes Waste removal CO2 to lungs and metabolic wastes such as urea to Kidneys Thermoregulation, transports heat to skin

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10
Q

Identify the right atrium

A
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11
Q

What does the P wave represent?

A

The P wave represents the electrical depolarization of the atria. In a healthy person, this originates at the sinoatrial node (SA node) and disperses into both left and right atria

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12
Q

How many haemoglobin molecules are in one blood cell?

A

250 million

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13
Q

How is O2 carried in the blood

A

O2 binds to a protein called haemoglobin in the red blood cells

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14
Q

Where does the heart sit in the medial cavity of the chest?

A

Mediastinum

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15
Q

What is the pulmonary truck

A

it is an artery that carries blood from right ventricle to lungs

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16
Q

Ivabradine is a drug that blocks the funny channel. would it have an effect on HR?

A

It would stop the heart from beating

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17
Q

Identify the superior vena cava

A
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18
Q

What causes the voltage-gated CA2+ channel to close?

A

The membrane potential rising to +20 mV i.e the voltage-gating regulates the opening and closing of the channel

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19
Q

When are all 4 valves open?

A

Never

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20
Q

Where is the apex of the Heart?

A

4th and 5th rib at the lowest point of the left side of the heart

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21
Q

Identify the Ascending Aorta

A
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22
Q

when does the repolatrisation of the atria occur?

A

QRS Complex

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23
Q

Identify the right ventricle

A
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24
Q

What is the Aorta?

A

It is an artery that carries blood from the left ventricle to the body

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25
Q

When the heart is in the normal anatomical position in the body the anterior surface comprises mostly of the right ventricle. True or false?

A

True, 66% of the anterior face is shown

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26
Q

What does blood typically comprise of

A

55% plasma 45% formed elements erythrocytes leucocytes, platelets

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27
Q

What is the difference between an artery and a vein?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart whereas Veins carry blood to the heart

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28
Q

Where do K+ ions enter a cell (either cell type)

A

No where (no influx through channels)

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29
Q

When the heart is in the normal anatomical position in the body the atria are superior to the ventricles, true or false.

A

False they are posterior to the ventricles

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30
Q

What is the Vena Cava?

A

It is a vein that carries blood to right atrium from body

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31
Q

What has the highest oxygen content Aorta or pulmonary truck

A

Aorta

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32
Q

A “Beta-blocker” is a drug that blocks the B1 receptor in the body. what effect would it have on heart rate?

A

Decreases heart rate. Blocking the B1 receptor means that the sympathetic nervous system can no longer act to increase HR, but parasympathetic stil works

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33
Q

Would the ventricles cease to work (and if so the subject would die)

A

No. The autoactive cells in the AV bundle or elsewhere would take over.

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34
Q

What causess the action potential to stop?

A

The closure of the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel & opening of the voltage-gated K+ channel

No more calcium diffusing into the cell.

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35
Q

What is the heart surrounded by for protection?

A

Pericardial sac or pericardium

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36
Q

is the pulmonary valve open during ventricular systole or diastole?

A

Ventricular systole

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37
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation?

A

It takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs to replenish the O2

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38
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

It takes oxygenated blood to the tissues providing them with O2

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39
Q

The aortic value prevents blood from

A

Aorta to left ventricle

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40
Q

What has the higher oxygen content left or right atrium

A

The left atrium

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41
Q

Identify the left atrium

A
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42
Q

Where do K+ ions leave the contractile cell?

A

E & F (more in the F)

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43
Q

Why do we have a cardiovascular System?

A

It transport blood around the body

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44
Q

Is there another way that an action potential can be intitiated?

A

Yes, a defib will cause the voltage gated channels to open up. Anything that causes the membrane potential to rise to threshold will activate an action potential.

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45
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

Repolarisation of the ventricles

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46
Q

What has the highest oxygen content Right or left ventricle

A

Left ventricle

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47
Q

why is the left ventricle thicker than the right?

A

The left ventricle needs to produce more force to create more flow of blood to the body

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48
Q

What type of pump is a heart?

A

Its a stroke pump. Meaning that it has a filing phase and an ejection phase

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49
Q

Identify the Right Pulmonary Artery

A
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50
Q

Where do Na+ ions enter a cell (either cell type)

A

A & D

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51
Q

What would happen if the AV node was damamged (such as an infarction in this area)

A

Then there would be no propagation of the action potentials from atria to ventricles

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52
Q

What has the highest oxygen content the Aorta or the pulmonary veins

A

Pulmonary Veins

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53
Q

What normally initiates the action potential in a SA node cell?

A

The opening of calcium channels

Reaching threshold

The membrane potential rising to threshold. This normally happens because of the influx on NA+ through the funny channel

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54
Q

Identify the pulmonary Trunk

A
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55
Q

Is Venous blood lighter or darker in colour and why?

A

Venous blood is darker due to it not being exposed to oxygen, the haeme group binds to oxygen which causes the colour to become lighter in colour, that usually occurs in the arterial blood

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56
Q

The left AV valve prevents blood flow from

A

the left ventricle to left atrium

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57
Q

What is the name of the celluar lining of the heart?

A

Endocardium

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58
Q

What is the name os the tissue that makes up the bulk of the walls of the ventricles?

A

Myocardium

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59
Q

Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall than the right ventricle?

A

The wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than the wall of the right because of the greater pressures generated by the left ventricles, to push blood through the systemic circulation than the pulmonary circulation.

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60
Q

During contraction of the heart, what cardiac valves are opening and which are closing

A

The Left atrium is closed, the left ventricle then contracts pushing the oxygenated blood through the Aortic valve which is opened and then travelling to the rest of the body. This is also called Systolic.

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61
Q

During relaxation of the heart, what cardiac valves are opening and which are closing

A

The left atrium is opened allowing oxygenated blood fill the left ventricle during its relaxed state, the aortic valve is closed during this process. This is called Diasystolic

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62
Q

What causes the cardiac valves to close?

A

Presure of blood against the closing surface of valve

63
Q

What causes the cardiac valves to open?

A

Pressure of blood pushing against the opening surface of valve

64
Q

Does Cardiac muscle cells rely on aerobic or anarobic metabolism?

A

It relise on Aerobic because cardiac muscle cells never rest and therefore require highly active mitochondria cells to produce the energy required.

65
Q

Compared to the skeletal muscles 5% how much volume of the cardiac muscles make up mitchondria cells?

A

20-30% is made up of mitochondria due to its requirement to constantly have energy as the cardiac muscle never rests.

66
Q

How does the heart receive its blood supply?

A

Through the coronary blood supply

67
Q

Where is the Left coronary artery?

A
68
Q

Where is the Circumflex artery?

A
69
Q

Where is the great cardiac vein?

A
70
Q

Where is the right coronary artery?

A
71
Q

Where is the small cardiac vein?

A
72
Q

Where is the right marginal artery?

A
73
Q

Where is the anterior interventricular artery?

A
74
Q

where is the Coronary sinus

A
75
Q

where is the circumflex artery?

A
76
Q

Where is the great cardiac Vein?

A
77
Q

Where is the marginal artery?

A
78
Q

Where is the Posterior Interventricular artery?

A
79
Q

Where is the posterior cardiac vein?

A
80
Q

Where is the Middle cardiac vein?

A
81
Q

Where is the right coronary artery?

A
82
Q

Where is the small cardiac vein?

A
83
Q

What are the main branches of the left coronary artery?

A

Anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery

84
Q

What are the main branches of the right coronary artery?

A

The right margainal artery and the posterior interventricular artery

85
Q

What vein is associated with the Anterior interventricular artery

A

Great cardiac vein

86
Q

What vein is associated with the Right marginal artery

A

small cardiac vein

87
Q

What vein is associated with the posterior interventricular artery

A

Middle cardiac vein

88
Q

What vein is associated with the left coronary artery?

A

Coronary Sinus

89
Q

What vein is associated with the right coronary artery

A

coronary sinus

90
Q

True or false, blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the pulmonary valve

A

True

91
Q

True or false, blood leaves the left ventricle by passing through the mitral valve

A

False

92
Q

True or false, blood in the right ventricle is deoxygenated

A

true

93
Q

True or false, blood cannot leave the left ventricle when the left AV valve is closed

A

false

94
Q

True or false, the role of the left AV valve is to control blood flow from the left atrium

A

false, the role of the AV valve is to control flow from the left ventrical.

95
Q

Which vessels can oxygen diffuse out of?

A

Capillaries

96
Q

What is the most common cause of vascular disease?

A

Atherosclerosis which is a build up of fatty deposits inside the vessel, usually an artery, that narrows the vessel and reduces blood flow

97
Q

Find the Superior Vena Cava

A
98
Q

Find the anastomosis (junction of vessels)

A
99
Q

Find the Right coronary artery

A
100
Q

Find the right atrium

A
101
Q

Find the Marginal Artery

A
102
Q

Find the Posterior Interventricular artery

A
103
Q

Find the Anterior Interventricular artery

A
104
Q

Find the Circumflex artery

A
105
Q

Left coronary artery

A
106
Q

Find the Anterior Cardiac Veins

A
107
Q

Find the small cardiac vein

A
108
Q

Find the middle cardiac vein

A
109
Q

Find the Coronary Sinus

A
110
Q

Find the great cardiac Vein

A
111
Q

What vein is associated with Anterior interventricular artery?

A

.

112
Q

What vein is associated with right marginal artery

A

.

113
Q

What vein is associated with posterior interventricular artery

A

.

114
Q

What vein is associated with left coronary artery

A

.

115
Q

What vein is associated with right coronary artery?

A

.

116
Q

True or false? blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the pulmonary valve

A

True or false

117
Q

True or false, blood leaves the left ventricle by passing through the mitral valve

A

True or false

118
Q

True or false blood in the right ventricle is deoxygenated

A

True or false

119
Q

True or false, blood cannot leave the left ventricle when the left AV valve is closed

A

True or false

120
Q

The role of the left AV valve is to control blood flow from the left atrium

A

True or false

121
Q

Find the Tunica Intima

A
122
Q

Find the Tunica Media

A
123
Q

Find the Tunica Externa

A
124
Q

Find the endothelium

A
125
Q

Find the basement membrane

A
126
Q

Find the Internal elastic membrane

A
127
Q

Find smooth muscle

A
128
Q

Find external elastic membrane

A
129
Q

Find elastin and collagen fibres

A
130
Q

find the vasa vasorum

A
131
Q

What is the Tunica Intima

A

forms the internal layer & is in direct contact with blood. Innermost layer is the endothelium, made of endothelial cells. This is surrounded by the basement membrane, a framework of collagen fibresthat give it strength. The outer layer is the internal elastic membrane, which is thin in veins.

132
Q

What is the Tunica Media:

A

middle layer. Contains concentric circles of smooth muscle in a framework of connective tissue. When s.m . contracts, reduces the diameter of the vessel to control blood flow. Arteries have an external elastic membrane

133
Q

What is the Tunica Externa:

A

(tunica adventitia) is the outer layer of a blood vessel. It consists primarily of elastic and collagen fibres(some s.m . in veins). Also contains nerves and (in larger vessels) blood vessels (vasa vasorum). Binds to adjacent tissue and anchors vessel in place.

134
Q

Can oxygen diffuse out of arteries?

A

.

135
Q

Can oxygen diffuse out of arterioles?

A

.

136
Q

Can oxygen diffuse out of capillaries?

A

.

137
Q

Can oxygen diffuse out of venules?

A

.

138
Q

Can oxygen diffuse out of veins?

A

.

139
Q

What is The most common cause of vascular disease

A

atherosclerosis, a build up of fatty deposits inside the vessel, usually an artery, that narrows the vessel and reduces blood flow.

140
Q

What are some of the causes of dascular disease?

A

diabetes mellitis(high blood sugar damages blood vessels), thrombus (blood clot), arteritis (inflammation), infection causing scarring, vessel spasm (eg. Raynaud’s), and congenital defects.

141
Q

What is ischaemia

A

reduced O2delivery

142
Q

When atherosclerosis occurs in arteries of the heart, what is it called

A

coronary artery disease

143
Q

therosclerosis in arteries of the brain is called what?

A

cerebrovascular disease, which can lead to stroke.

144
Q
A
145
Q

How do you calculate the Mean Arterial Pressure?

A

Find out the diastolic pressure, add a third of the Pulse pressure.

Pulse pressure is systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure,

Divide the PP by 3 to get a third.

DBP + 1/3PP
MAP = 80 (120-80)/3=93.33

146
Q

Where is the Aortic Area?

A
147
Q

Where is the Pulmonary Area

A
148
Q

Find the Tricuspid Area

A
149
Q

Find the Mitral Area

A
150
Q

What exerts the main control of the diameter of arterioles?

A

Diameter of arterioles are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system

151
Q

What exerts the main control of the stroke volume?

A

Stroke volume is controlled by end-diastolic volume and sympathetic system.

152
Q

What is the effect of a loss of aortic distensibility on systolic pressure?

A

Increase in systolic blood pressure. Because the aorta cannot expand to accommodate the extra blood ejected into it.

153
Q

What is the R-R interval?

A

The R-R interval is the distance between thje peeks of the QRS complex

154
Q
A

Body Systems (11 decks)

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