Week 2 Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What is the pulmonary veins
they are veins that carries blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Identify the left ventricle
how many O2 molecules are carried in one red blood cell?
1,000,000,000 1 billion
What does the QRS complex represent?
Depolarisation of the ventricles
In the anterior surface what is the largest landmark on the heart
60% of what you see in the anterior surface is the right ventricle
Identify the ventricular septum
Where do Ca+ ions enter the SA node cell?
B
Atropine blocks the muscarinic receptors. what effect would it have on HR?
This would block the action of the parasympathetic and so HR would increase
What does blood transport around the body?
Delivers oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide. Delivers nutrients and hormones Water and electrolytes Waste removal CO2 to lungs and metabolic wastes such as urea to Kidneys Thermoregulation, transports heat to skin
Identify the right atrium
What does the P wave represent?
The P wave represents the electrical depolarization of the atria. In a healthy person, this originates at the sinoatrial node (SA node) and disperses into both left and right atria
How many haemoglobin molecules are in one blood cell?
250 million
How is O2 carried in the blood
O2 binds to a protein called haemoglobin in the red blood cells
Where does the heart sit in the medial cavity of the chest?
Mediastinum
What is the pulmonary truck
it is an artery that carries blood from right ventricle to lungs
Ivabradine is a drug that blocks the funny channel. would it have an effect on HR?
It would stop the heart from beating
Identify the superior vena cava
What causes the voltage-gated CA2+ channel to close?
The membrane potential rising to +20 mV i.e the voltage-gating regulates the opening and closing of the channel
When are all 4 valves open?
Never
Where is the apex of the Heart?
4th and 5th rib at the lowest point of the left side of the heart
Identify the Ascending Aorta
when does the repolatrisation of the atria occur?
QRS Complex
Identify the right ventricle
What is the Aorta?
It is an artery that carries blood from the left ventricle to the body
When the heart is in the normal anatomical position in the body the anterior surface comprises mostly of the right ventricle. True or false?
True, 66% of the anterior face is shown
What does blood typically comprise of
55% plasma 45% formed elements erythrocytes leucocytes, platelets
What is the difference between an artery and a vein?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart whereas Veins carry blood to the heart
Where do K+ ions enter a cell (either cell type)
No where (no influx through channels)
When the heart is in the normal anatomical position in the body the atria are superior to the ventricles, true or false.
False they are posterior to the ventricles
What is the Vena Cava?
It is a vein that carries blood to right atrium from body
What has the highest oxygen content Aorta or pulmonary truck
Aorta
A “Beta-blocker” is a drug that blocks the B1 receptor in the body. what effect would it have on heart rate?
Decreases heart rate. Blocking the B1 receptor means that the sympathetic nervous system can no longer act to increase HR, but parasympathetic stil works
Would the ventricles cease to work (and if so the subject would die)
No. The autoactive cells in the AV bundle or elsewhere would take over.
What causess the action potential to stop?
The closure of the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel & opening of the voltage-gated K+ channel
No more calcium diffusing into the cell.
What is the heart surrounded by for protection?
Pericardial sac or pericardium
is the pulmonary valve open during ventricular systole or diastole?
Ventricular systole
What is the pulmonary circulation?
It takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs to replenish the O2
What is systemic circulation?
It takes oxygenated blood to the tissues providing them with O2
The aortic value prevents blood from
Aorta to left ventricle
What has the higher oxygen content left or right atrium
The left atrium
Identify the left atrium
Where do K+ ions leave the contractile cell?
E & F (more in the F)
Why do we have a cardiovascular System?
It transport blood around the body
Is there another way that an action potential can be intitiated?
Yes, a defib will cause the voltage gated channels to open up. Anything that causes the membrane potential to rise to threshold will activate an action potential.
What does the T wave represent?
Repolarisation of the ventricles
What has the highest oxygen content Right or left ventricle
Left ventricle
why is the left ventricle thicker than the right?
The left ventricle needs to produce more force to create more flow of blood to the body
What type of pump is a heart?
Its a stroke pump. Meaning that it has a filing phase and an ejection phase
Identify the Right Pulmonary Artery
Where do Na+ ions enter a cell (either cell type)
A & D
What would happen if the AV node was damamged (such as an infarction in this area)
Then there would be no propagation of the action potentials from atria to ventricles
What has the highest oxygen content the Aorta or the pulmonary veins
Pulmonary Veins
What normally initiates the action potential in a SA node cell?
The opening of calcium channels
Reaching threshold
The membrane potential rising to threshold. This normally happens because of the influx on NA+ through the funny channel
Identify the pulmonary Trunk
Is Venous blood lighter or darker in colour and why?
Venous blood is darker due to it not being exposed to oxygen, the haeme group binds to oxygen which causes the colour to become lighter in colour, that usually occurs in the arterial blood
The left AV valve prevents blood flow from
the left ventricle to left atrium
What is the name of the celluar lining of the heart?
Endocardium
What is the name os the tissue that makes up the bulk of the walls of the ventricles?
Myocardium
Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall than the right ventricle?
The wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than the wall of the right because of the greater pressures generated by the left ventricles, to push blood through the systemic circulation than the pulmonary circulation.
During contraction of the heart, what cardiac valves are opening and which are closing
The Left atrium is closed, the left ventricle then contracts pushing the oxygenated blood through the Aortic valve which is opened and then travelling to the rest of the body. This is also called Systolic.
During relaxation of the heart, what cardiac valves are opening and which are closing
The left atrium is opened allowing oxygenated blood fill the left ventricle during its relaxed state, the aortic valve is closed during this process. This is called Diasystolic
What causes the cardiac valves to close?
Presure of blood against the closing surface of valve
What causes the cardiac valves to open?
Pressure of blood pushing against the opening surface of valve
Does Cardiac muscle cells rely on aerobic or anarobic metabolism?
It relise on Aerobic because cardiac muscle cells never rest and therefore require highly active mitochondria cells to produce the energy required.
Compared to the skeletal muscles 5% how much volume of the cardiac muscles make up mitchondria cells?
20-30% is made up of mitochondria due to its requirement to constantly have energy as the cardiac muscle never rests.
How does the heart receive its blood supply?
Through the coronary blood supply
Where is the Left coronary artery?
Where is the Circumflex artery?
Where is the great cardiac vein?
Where is the right coronary artery?
Where is the small cardiac vein?
Where is the right marginal artery?
Where is the anterior interventricular artery?
where is the Coronary sinus
where is the circumflex artery?
Where is the great cardiac Vein?
Where is the marginal artery?
Where is the Posterior Interventricular artery?
Where is the posterior cardiac vein?
Where is the Middle cardiac vein?
Where is the right coronary artery?
Where is the small cardiac vein?
What are the main branches of the left coronary artery?
Anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery
What are the main branches of the right coronary artery?
The right margainal artery and the posterior interventricular artery
What vein is associated with the Anterior interventricular artery
Great cardiac vein
What vein is associated with the Right marginal artery
small cardiac vein
What vein is associated with the posterior interventricular artery
Middle cardiac vein
What vein is associated with the left coronary artery?
Coronary Sinus
What vein is associated with the right coronary artery
coronary sinus
True or false, blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the pulmonary valve
True
True or false, blood leaves the left ventricle by passing through the mitral valve
False
True or false, blood in the right ventricle is deoxygenated
true
True or false, blood cannot leave the left ventricle when the left AV valve is closed
false
True or false, the role of the left AV valve is to control blood flow from the left atrium
false, the role of the AV valve is to control flow from the left ventrical.
Which vessels can oxygen diffuse out of?
Capillaries
What is the most common cause of vascular disease?
Atherosclerosis which is a build up of fatty deposits inside the vessel, usually an artery, that narrows the vessel and reduces blood flow
Find the Superior Vena Cava
Find the anastomosis (junction of vessels)
Find the Right coronary artery
Find the right atrium
Find the Marginal Artery
Find the Posterior Interventricular artery
Find the Anterior Interventricular artery
Find the Circumflex artery
Left coronary artery
Find the Anterior Cardiac Veins
Find the small cardiac vein
Find the middle cardiac vein
Find the Coronary Sinus
Find the great cardiac Vein
What vein is associated with Anterior interventricular artery?
.
What vein is associated with right marginal artery
.
What vein is associated with posterior interventricular artery
.
What vein is associated with left coronary artery
.
What vein is associated with right coronary artery?
.
True or false? blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the pulmonary valve
True or false
True or false, blood leaves the left ventricle by passing through the mitral valve
True or false
True or false blood in the right ventricle is deoxygenated
True or false
True or false, blood cannot leave the left ventricle when the left AV valve is closed
True or false
The role of the left AV valve is to control blood flow from the left atrium
True or false
Find the Tunica Intima
Find the Tunica Media
Find the Tunica Externa
Find the endothelium
Find the basement membrane
Find the Internal elastic membrane
Find smooth muscle
Find external elastic membrane
Find elastin and collagen fibres
find the vasa vasorum
What is the Tunica Intima
forms the internal layer & is in direct contact with blood. Innermost layer is the endothelium, made of endothelial cells. This is surrounded by the basement membrane, a framework of collagen fibresthat give it strength. The outer layer is the internal elastic membrane, which is thin in veins.
What is the Tunica Media:
middle layer. Contains concentric circles of smooth muscle in a framework of connective tissue. When s.m . contracts, reduces the diameter of the vessel to control blood flow. Arteries have an external elastic membrane
What is the Tunica Externa:
(tunica adventitia) is the outer layer of a blood vessel. It consists primarily of elastic and collagen fibres(some s.m . in veins). Also contains nerves and (in larger vessels) blood vessels (vasa vasorum). Binds to adjacent tissue and anchors vessel in place.
Can oxygen diffuse out of arteries?
.
Can oxygen diffuse out of arterioles?
.
Can oxygen diffuse out of capillaries?
.
Can oxygen diffuse out of venules?
.
Can oxygen diffuse out of veins?
.
What is The most common cause of vascular disease
atherosclerosis, a build up of fatty deposits inside the vessel, usually an artery, that narrows the vessel and reduces blood flow.
What are some of the causes of dascular disease?
diabetes mellitis(high blood sugar damages blood vessels), thrombus (blood clot), arteritis (inflammation), infection causing scarring, vessel spasm (eg. Raynaud’s), and congenital defects.
What is ischaemia
reduced O2delivery
When atherosclerosis occurs in arteries of the heart, what is it called
coronary artery disease
therosclerosis in arteries of the brain is called what?
cerebrovascular disease, which can lead to stroke.
How do you calculate the Mean Arterial Pressure?
Find out the diastolic pressure, add a third of the Pulse pressure.
Pulse pressure is systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure,
Divide the PP by 3 to get a third.
DBP + 1/3PP
MAP = 80 (120-80)/3=93.33
Where is the Aortic Area?
Where is the Pulmonary Area
Find the Tricuspid Area
Find the Mitral Area
What exerts the main control of the diameter of arterioles?
Diameter of arterioles are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system
What exerts the main control of the stroke volume?
Stroke volume is controlled by end-diastolic volume and sympathetic system.
What is the effect of a loss of aortic distensibility on systolic pressure?
Increase in systolic blood pressure. Because the aorta cannot expand to accommodate the extra blood ejected into it.
What is the R-R interval?
The R-R interval is the distance between thje peeks of the QRS complex
