Week 1 Flashcards
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
Feedforward systems work at the same time as feedback systems.
Feedforward systems operate to prevent the controlled variable from changing.
Feedforward systems are switched on after the controlled variable has changed.
Feedforward systems can work in opposite ways to negative feedback systems.
Feedforward systems are switched on after the controlled variable has changed.
What is diffusion
Diffusion is movement from an area where the concentration of an ion or molecule is high to an area where the concentration is low.
Any molecule can pass freely through the cell membrane.
Incorrect, A cell membrane is semi-permeable, meaning it allows certain things through such as oxygen and water but not others like glucose and potassium without a transport train.
What percentage of Body water is Extracellular Fluid
33%
What does increasing the sympathetic activity do to blood pressure?
Increases blood pressure
True or false? Feedforward systems are switched on after the controlled variable has changed
False
How many phosphate molecules are in ADP
Two
What is the difference between afferent pathway and efferent pathway?
Efferent pathways carry signals away from the central nervous system whereas Afferent carry signals to the central nervous system
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
It controls automatic systems that we have no control over suh as heart rate.
What is Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia is an increase in body temperature above the setpoint
What is the feed forward system and what are the benefits or uses of the feed forward system?
The feed forward system is designed to prevent any negative feedback mechanisms to occur. It anticipates changes that will occur such as entering a cold atmosphere the feed forward system will trigger your blood vessels to go deeper into the body to prevent heat loss and therefore you begin to look whiter in complexion. This occurs prior to the shivering that one will experience from the negative feedback system.
During exercise does the parasympathetic activity increase or decrease in activity?
Decrease
A control System enables us to control what important variables in the body?
Control system for blood pressure
Movement of Ions through channels can only occur down the concentration gradient - True or False
True
What is the optimal body temperature
36.5-37.5 degrees which is called the thermoneutrual zone
What are negative feedback systems?
Negative feedback systems are sense changes in the controlled variable and implement responses to return the controlled variable back to the setpoint.
The lipid component of the cell membrane is attracted to water.
Incorrect, the lipid component hates water which is why it forms the inner face of the cell membrane.
What is the difference between diffusion and active transport?
diffusion moves molecules down concentration gradient while active transport takes them against concentration gradient. Simple diffusion is passive, which means it does not require energy, while active transport does.
How much ATP does one use each day?
The ATP used each day is roughly the same amount you weigh.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
Negative feedback systems prevent to set point from changing.
Negative feedback systems prevent the controlled variable from changing.
Negative feedback systems prevent the controlled variable from moving away from the set point.
Negative feedback systems return the controlled variable to the set point after it has been disturbed.
Negative feedback systems return the controlled variable to the set point after it has been disturbed.
Which of the following lists components of a control system in the correct order?
Controller; afferent pathway; sensor; efferent pathway; effector
Controller; efferent pathway; effector; efferent pathway; sensor
Sensor; efferent pathway; controller; afferent pathway; effector
Sensor; afferent pathway; controller; efferent pathway; effector
Sensor; afferent pathway; controller; efferent pathway; effector
Cell membrane pumps move ions against their concentration gradient
Correct, they always move against the concentration gradient.
True or False? The set point for body temperature changes across the day.
True
What does ADP stand for?
Adenosine Diphosphate
Describe the important differences in the composition of the intracellular and extracellular fluid.
The key thing to remember is that sodium and potassium are always opposite and the ICF and ECF are always opposite. If you remember that the sodium concentration is high in the extracellular fluid then you know that the potassium concentration in the extracellular fluid is low (because sodium and potassium are always opposite)
the sodium concentration intracellular fluid is low (because ICF and ECF are always opposite).
What percentage of Body water is plasma
25% of Extracellular fluid
The hydrophilic phosphate heads are in contact with the extra and intracellular fluid.
Correct, Hydrophilic phosphate heads are in contact with both extra and intracellular fluids because they love water. Whereas their counterpart lipid are hydrophobic which means they hate water.
True or false? Feedforward systems operator to prevent the controlled variable from changing.
True
What is facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion means the aid or help with assisting with diffusion with membrane carriers.
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
Blood pressure is the set point regarding control system for blood pressure.
False, blood pressure isnt the set point, blood pressure is the controlled variable.
True or False? Allowing the controlled variable to move away from the set point always has adverse effects.
False.
The cell membrane is made up of a single layer of molecules.
Incorrect, a Cell membrane is bilayer or duel layer of phospholipids
What are the two parts of the Autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Does Anaerobic require Oxygen?
No
Are cell membrane channels are always open.
No, Lots of membrane channels are gated channels which means they are not always open, their opening can be controlled.
Oxygen carriers are used to move oxygen through the cell membranes - True or False
False
True or false? Feedforward systems can work at the same time as feedback systems
True
Does Aerobic require Oxygen?
Yes
What percentage of Body water is Intercellular Fluid
66%
What is Interstitial fluid
Fluid surrounding around the cell
What are the two types of reactions produce ATP?
Aerobic and Anaerobic
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding the control system for blood pressure?
The blood pressure is the set point.
The controller is in the medulla oblongata.
The efferent pathway is the autonomic nervous system.
The controlled variable is changed by altering the diameter of arterioles.
The blood pressure is the set point.
How many phosphate molecules are in ATP
Three
List the control system components in the correct order
Sensor, afferent pathway, controller, efferent pathway, effector
True or False? Fever is not an example of Hyperthermia
True
The effectors include the heart and the blood vessels
True
Facilitated diffusion moves ions against their concentration gradient - True or False
False
What is the difference between channels and carriers in the cell membrane?
Channel proteins transport substances down the concentration gradient, while carrier proteins transport substances both down and against the concentration gradient. Channel proteins form pores crossing the membrane, thus allowing the target molecules or ions to pass through them by diffusion, without interaction.
The efferent pathway is the autonomic nervous system
True.
The controller for the blood pressure control system is in the medulla ablongata
True, it is located at the stem of the brain posterially.
True or False? Fever is caused by a change in the set point for body temperature.
False
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? A. The water content is the same in all tissues. B. Most of the water in the body is inside cells. C. Water represents 50-60% of body weight in most people. D. The interstitial fluid is the largest component of extracellular fluid.
A: The Water content is the same in all tissues is INCORRECT
What percentage of Body water is Interstitial fluid
75% of Extracellular fluid
True or false? Feedforward systems can work in opposite ways to negative feedback systems.
True
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
Fever is not an example of hyperthermia.
The set point for body temperature changes across the day.
Fever is caused by a change in the set point for body temperature.
Allowing the controlled variable to move away from the set point always has adverse effects.
Allowing the controlled variable to move away from the set point always has adverse effects.
What is the cell membrane potential?
Ions cannot pass directly through the cell membrane. Each ion has its own gated channel. Sodium and Potassium are always opposite to each other in Extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid.
