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N1180 > Week 2: Cardiovascular Assessment > Flashcards

Week 2: Cardiovascular Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

Define Angina

A

chest pain from deprivation of oxygen to the heart muscle due to narrowing, usually happens with exertion

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2
Q

Define Heart Disease

A

an umbrella term for the different conditions that affect the health of the heart ie. blood vessel problems, defects/congenital defects, valve problems, rhythm problems, angina

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3
Q

Medical Term for Heart Attack

A

Myocardial Infarction

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4
Q

Define Palpitations

A

these are electrical problems

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5
Q

Define Hypertension

A

this is high blood pressure, long term force of blood against the walls of the arteries makes the heart work harder which can lead to hardening and narrowing of vessels, stroke, heat attack

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6
Q

List modifiable risk factors for heart disease

A 
Elevated se cholesterol
High Blood Pressure (↑BP)
High blood sugar levels  or known Diabetes Mellitus (DM; IDDM; NIDDM)
Obesity
Cigarette smoking
Sedentary lifestyle
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7
Q

List non-modifiable risk factors for heart disease

A

Family history
Increased age
Ethnicity
For ♀: menopause as risk for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) increases thereafter

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8
Q

Define Atrial fibrillation

A

also electrical, chaotic beating of the atria, uncoordinated with ventricles, places clients at risk for stroke, often accompanied by shortness of breath

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9
Q

Define Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

stroke (from a clot or from bleeding)

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10
Q

Define Heart failure/congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

this is a pumping problem, the muscle becomes weak/stiff over time from high BP, CAD, narrow vessels, leaving its pumping action inadequate to move fluid through and around the body which causes fluid to back up, usually into the chest or lower legs. The failure starts on the left mostly, and then advanced left sided heart failure causes also right sided heart failure

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11
Q

Define Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

A

coronary arteries or the ones right on the actual heart, atherosclerosis narrows or blocks them

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12
Q

Define atherosclerosis

A

a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of fatty material on their inner walls (plaques)

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13
Q

What does DASH stand for (in reference to DASH diet)

A

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

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14
Q

What are the 6 recommendations to reduce or prevent hypertension

A

Physical activity, weight loss, moderation in alcohol intake, eating healthier, relaxation therapies, and smoking cessation

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15
Q

Describe the first and second heart sounds

A

S1 “lub” results from the closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves and S2 “dub” results from the closure of the pulmonic and aortic valves
S1 signals the beginning of ventricle systole
S2 signals the end of systole and beginning of diastole

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16
Q

What happens during systole?

A

The ventricles contract and eject blood to the lungs and body

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17
Q

Define Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea

A

this is respiratory distress that wakes the patient up in the night. It is usually postural, meaning the reclined position is usually when it occurs. This is related to heart failure and the congestion associated with a poorly pumping heart

18
Q

Define Nocturia

A

getting up to pee at night

19
Q

Where do you start when it comes to cardiovascular assessment?

A

With vital signs!

20
Q

What is the difference between stable and unstable angina?

A

Unstable angina occurs at rest (stable relieves at rest)

21
Q

Define dyspnea

A

difficult or laboured breathing

22
Q

Define edema

A

a condition characterized by an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body (swelling)

23
Q

Define bruit

A

An audible swooshing sound heard by auscultation over an artery that result from turbulent blood flow related to atherosclerosis

24
Q

What are the six P’s used to access arterial obstruction?

A

pain, pallor, poikilothermia/polar sensation, paresthesia, pulselessness, and paralysis

25
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Pericardium (protects the heart)
Myocardium (muscular, for pumping
Endocardium (lines inner surface of heart & valves)

26
Q

What separates the right and left chambers of the heart?

A

a wall called the cardiac septum

27
Q

Name the four valves within the heart

A 
Tricuspid valve (separated right atrium & ventricle) *
Mitral valve (separates left atrium and ventricle) *
Pulmonic valve (between pulmonary artery & right ventricle)
Aortic valve (between aorta and left ventricle)

*These valves are known as atrioventricular or AV valves

28
Q

What do the great vessels consist of?

A

the superior and inferior vena cava, the aorta, the pulmonary artery and four pulmonary veins

29
Q

The movement of blood through the heart is known as what?

A

The cardiac cycle

30
Q

List the sequence of events that occur during diastole

A
  1. Ventricles relax
  2. AV valves open
  3. Blood flows from atria to ventricles(pressure is higher in atria at this time)
  4. Near the end, atria contract to push remaining blood into ventricles
31
Q

List the sequence of events that occur during systole

A
  1. AV valves close, signalling beginning of systole. Closure of the valves is responsible for S1, the first heart sound
  2. Ventricles contract
  3. Aortic and pulmonic valves open
  4. Blood is ejected
  5. Aortic and pulmonic valves close. Closure of these valves is responsible for S2, the second heart sound.
  6. Cycle repeats
32
Q

Which of the four assessment techniques are used to assess the cardiovascular system?

A

inspection, palpation and auscultation

33
Q

Define hypoxia

A

deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues

34
Q

What does PMI stand for?

A

point of maximum impulse

35
Q

Define Blood Pressure

A

A measurement of the force that blood exerts on arterial walls as the heart contracts and relaxes.

36
Q

Auscultation of the cardiovascular system is performed to provide what three valuable pieces of data

A

blood pressure, apical pulse rate, and heart sounds

37
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

the maximum pressure on an arterial wall when the left ventricle contracts (systole)

38
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

the pressure that blood remaining in an artery exerts between contractions, when the heart is relaxed (diastole)

39
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure. This provides information related to stroke volume

40
Q

Where is the point of maximum impulse (PMI)?

A

apex of heart; 5th left intercostal space at midclavicular line

41
Q

A neurovascular assessment may be performed for what reasons?

A

Trauma to a limb, such as a broken leg
Presence of a cast or other protective device
Surgery to a limb
Presence of a wound on a limb
Conditions which may cause poor circulation, such as diabetes, heart failure
Client complains of discomfort in a limb

N1180 (3 decks)

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