Week 2 - Building Blocks II

Question 1

where does venous blood from the absorptive parts of the GI tract drain to first?

Answer 1

the liver

Question 2

what 2 things does the liver do once it has received venous blood from the absorptive parts of the GI tract?

Answer 2

stores some nutrients from the blood and either makes other products from them or returns them to the venous system
OR
metabolises and detoxifies potentially harmful substances present in the blood that have been absorbed

Question 3

in what direction do the following carry blood:
veins
arteries?

Answer 3

veins = drain blood back to the heart
arteries = carry blood away from the heart

Question 4

what are the surface of alveoli covered in and why?

Answer 4

many thin walled capillaries which allow oxygen to be transferred by diffusion into the blood

Question 5

where would you find haemoglobin in the body and what does it do?

Answer 5

found within red blood cells
it reversibly binds to oxygen in the lungs and carries this oxygen to all capillary beds in the body where it is then released to be delivered to the cells

Question 6

what is lymph fluid?

Answer 6

fluid squeezed out of capillaries by the blood pressure is mainly reabsorbed again before the blood reaches the venules, any excess fluid left in the tissue (in the extracellular space), is called tissue fluid. once this fluid has been taken up by lymphatic vessels it is called lymph

Question 7

what is the major lymphatic vessel in the body, where do you find it in the body and what does it do?

Answer 7

the thoracic duct
found in the chest posterior to the oesophagus
returns lymph to large veins in the root of the neck

Question 8

what is the integumentary system?

Answer 8

the skin

Question 9

what does the central nervous system do?

Answer 9

allows us to sense our environment and to effect an appropriate response

Question 10

what forms the central nervous system?

Answer 10

the brain and the spinal cord

Question 11

what is the ionisation energy?

Answer 11

the energy input needed to discharge an electron (a very reactive element will have a very low ionisation energy)

Question 12

what is electronegativity a measure of?

Answer 12

an atoms ability to attract shared electrons (the higher the electronegativity, the more strongly that element attracts shared electrons)

Question 13

what 2 systems form the circulatory system?

Answer 13

cardiovascular system + lymphatic system

Question 14

what are the 3 functions of the circulatory system?

Answer 14

distribution of gases and other molecules for nutrition, growth and repair
chemical signalling (hormones)
mediate inflammation and host defence responses

Question 15

what are the 3 main components of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 15

arterial system
heart
venous system

Question 16

what does pulmonary circulation do?

Answer 16

moves blood between the heart and the lungs

Question 17

what does systemic circulation do?

Answer 17

moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body

Question 18

what are the 2 phases of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 18

systole (contracted, ventricular ejection)
diastole (relaxed, ventricular filling)

Question 19

what are the 3 layers of the heart?

Answer 19

endocardium (internal) - continuous with bundles of blood vessels connecting with the heart
myocardium (middle)
epicardium (external)

Question 20

which are superior and which are posterior:
atria
ventricles?

Answer 20

atria = superior
ventricles = posterior

Question 21

atrioventricular valves connect together, and what are the names of the 2 in the body?

Answer 21

connect atrium and ventricle together
left side = mitral valve
right side = tricuspid valve

Question 22

what do semilunar valves do and what are the names of the 2 in the body?

Answer 22

permit blood flow into the arteries from the ventricles and prevent backflow the other way
blood leaving left ventricle = aortic valve
blood leaving right ventricle = pulmonary valve

Question 23

what is an anastomosis?

Answer 23

a connection between 2 structures

Question 24

what is collateral circulation?

Answer 24

alternate blood vessels in your body that can take over when another artery or vein becomes blocked or damaged

Question 25

what is an end artery?

Answer 25

the only arterial blood supply to a given are (no collateral circulation)

Question 26

what is infarction?

Answer 26

irreversible cell death due to hypoxia (insufficient oxygen) caused by loss of arterial blood supply

Question 27

what are the 4 parts of the aorta?

Answer 27

ascending aorta
arch of the aorta
descending aorta
abdominal aorta

Question 28

what are the 3 branches of the arch of the aorta?

Answer 28

brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery

Question 29

what are the arteries which provide blood to the pelvis/perineum and the lower limbs?

Answer 29

iliac arteries

Question 30

what are the 2 main venous systems in the body?

Answer 30

portal venous system
systemic venous system

Question 31

what does the portal venous system do?

Answer 31

drains venous blood from the GI tract and associated organs to the liver

Question 32

what does the systemic venous system do?

Answer 32

drains venous blood from all other organs and tissues into superior or inferior vena cava