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APO506 - MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY > WEEK 2: Bordetella > Flashcards

WEEK 2: Bordetella Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what bacteria causes bordetella?

A

Bordetella: pertussis, parapertussis, holmesii

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2
Q

is B.pertussis gram positive or negative?

A

gram negative coccobacillus

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3
Q

what is B.pertussis commonly known as?

A

whooping cough

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4
Q

how many children die due to whooping cough each year?

A

estimated 100,000. remains a leading cause of death in children

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5
Q

what happens during the catarrhal phase? include clinical features

A
  • it lasts around 2 weeks
  • highly contagious atp
  • damage to the resp tract and inflammation of the mucous membrane of air passages
  • nasal congestion
  • cough
  • low grade fever
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6
Q

what happens during the paroxysmal phase? include clinical features

A
  • it lasts 1-6 weeks
  • intensification of symptoms due to damage from bacteria
  • paroxysms - rapid coughs due to difficulty expelling thick mucus
  • long aspiratory effort accompanied by a high-pitched “whoop” at the end
  • cyanosis (blue or purple colouration of the skin or mucous membranes due to low oxygen saturation)
  • exhaustion
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7
Q

what are the stages of infection of B.pertussis?

A

stage 1 - catarrhal
stage 2 - paroxysmal
stage 3 - convalescent

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8
Q

what happens during the convalescent phase? include clinical features

A
  • lasts 2-3 weeks
  • gradual recovery
  • less persistent, paroxysmal coughs
  • airway heals
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9
Q

what are the stages of microbial pathogenesis?

A

EXPOSURE, ADHERENCE, INVASION, INFECTION

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10
Q

how is pertussis transmitted?

A

through a sneeze or cough, or from touching surfaces

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11
Q

what 3 virulence factors help anchor Bordetella pertussis to the epithelium?

A

filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin, fimbriae

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12
Q

what 3 toxins help invasion of the virus?

A

tracheal cytotoxin, pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase toxin

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13
Q

what does

A
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14
Q

what does tracheal cytotoxin do?

A

it paralyzes cilia so they can’t sweep the bacteria away

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15
Q

what triggers the violent cough reflux?

A

a build up of mucus due to the paralysation of the epithelial cilia

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16
Q

what is the DTAP vaccine?

A

A vaccine containing vaccinations for diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis

17
Q

how effective is the vaccine in defending against pertussis?

A

> 90% effective

18
Q

how is Bordatella pertussis treated?

A

macrolide antibiotics - catarrhal or early paroxysm phase

19
Q

What is the Bordetella virulence gene (BvgAS)?

A

The Bvg gene controls expression of all known protein virulence factor-encoding genes and is considered the “master virulence regulator”

20
Q

What does FHA stand for?

A

filamentous hemagglutinin

21
Q

What is the function of FHA?

A

It’s a protein that serves as a dominant attachment factor binding to sulphated carbohydrates and remains anchored to the cell surface and allows invasion into epithelial cells.

22
Q

What cells does FHA bind?

A

Epithelial cells

23
Q

What is fimbriae assembled of?

A

FimD - adhesin
Fim 2/3 - body of subunits
Fim C - OM pore

24
Q

What is pertactin?

A

it is an outer membrane protein that promotes adhesion to epithelial cells

25
Q

What does free soluble FHA do?

A

They work as signalling molecules that bind to complement receptor 3 on monocyte cells. These cells signal T regs and inhibit Th1 and Th17 response which prevents migration neutrophils. Slows immune system.

26
Q

How do PT (pertussis toxin) and FHA interact with each other? What does it cause?

A

The toxins enhance binding to the cilia and ciliostasis occurs. This causes a build up of mucus.

27
Q

What does pertussis toxin do?

A
  • helps to anchor pertussis bacteria to epithelial
  • increases T cell population
  • also makes blood vessels more sensitive to histamine; its easier for fluid to seep into airway tissues
28
Q

What does adenylate cyclase toxin do?

A
  • it blocks phagocytes from reaching site of infection
  • prevents phagocytes from killing bacteria
  • induces phagocytes to undergo apoptosis
29
Q

What antibiotics are used to treat pertussis Bordatella?

A

erythromycin

30
Q

What acellular components are in the vaccine?

A
  • pertactin
  • FHA
  • weakened pertussis toxin
31
Q

What T cell response does the acellular vaccine trigger?

A

Th 2 (strong) and Th 17 (weak)

32
Q

What other viruses can cause pertussis?

A

B. holmesii and B. parapertussis

33
Q

what cells secrete mucus?

A

goblet cells

APO506 - MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY (10 decks)

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