Week 2 Blended Learning Flashcards

Question

Isotonic solution

Answer 1

-Perfect conditions, in equilibrium

Answer 2

-Does not require carriers, or energy refers to hydrophobic substances soluble in lipids, material can enter through phospholipid membrane, no direct input of energy required, rate of uptake depends on magnitude of concentration gradient across the membrane

Answer 3

-Uses carrier proteins in cell membrane, no energy required. Mechanisms driven by concentration gradient across membrane, continuous process because intracellular concentration does not increase (immediate metabolism upon entry), transports sugars and amino acids, applies to more hydrophilic substances

Answer 4

-Allows accumulation of materials against a concentration gradient (up to 1000 higher concentration greater than external concentration) requires energy by ATP or proton gradients. Transport of sugars and amino acids

Answer 5

1.Initial step in media formulation is to look at process stoichiometry for growth and product formation ex. C6H1206---> 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 + 2ATP 2. Consideration of input of carbon & nitrogen sources, minerals and oxygen, and their conversion to biomass, metabolic products, CO2, H2O and heat 3. Calculating minimum quantity of each element required to produce certain quantity of biomass of metabolite (product) 4. Approximate formula of microbial cells is C4H7O2N which is on basis of dry weight is 48% C 7% H, 32% O, 14% N Knowing this elemental composition of microbes used in the process allows for further formulation refinement 5. Often media are fed continuously or intermittently into the reactor to avoid repression of product formation. (if one of the components delivered to the reactor is consumed too fast, then if not delivered on continuous basis, can become a limiting factor in the growth and product formation) 6. Environmental conditions also are important in the process But THE KEY FACTOR IS CONVERSION TO BIOMASS

Answer 6

Uses cost effective substrates derived from natural or animal material, by products of other industries

Answer 7

– Cost and availability – Ease of handling (solid/liquid, transport, storage) – Sterilization requirements – Formulation, mixing, viscosity – Impurities – Health and safety – Concentration of target product, its rate of formation

Answer 8

Ycarbon (g/g) = biomass produced (g) DIVIDED BY carbon substrate utilized (g

Answer 9

-If you put 180 grams of glucose into bioreactor you won’t get 92 grams of ethanol because it’s not efficient

Answer 10

Include: Molasses, Malt extract, starch and dextrins, sulphite waste liquor, cellulose, whey, alkanes and alcohols, fats and oils,

Answer 11

-Byproduct of sugar production 50-60% sugars, some vitamins and nitrogen

Answer 12

Aqueous extract of malted barley concentrated to syrups 90% carbohydrates, vitamins, nitrogen, proteins

Answer 13

-Polysaccharides, enzyme amylase required to break down polysaccharides

Answer 14

-Waste liquor from trees 2-3% sugars, low pH due to SO2, requires processing to increase pH

Answer 15

Used in solid-substrate fermentors

Answer 16

Aqueous byproduct of dairy industry, contains lactose that is evaporated due to high costs of transportation and storage

Answer 17

expensive due to rising prices of crude oil

Answer 18

From cottonseed, olive, palm, soya carbon sources especially in antibiotic production

Answer 19

-Can be either organic or inorganic in nature; inorganic would include ammonia salts; organic would include amino acids, proteins and ureas. Typical sources include: Corn steep liquor, yeast extracts, peptones, soya bean meal

Answer 20

-Byproduct of starch extraction from maize ~4% nitrogen, vitamins, minerals

Answer 21

-From waste beaker's or brewer's yeasts; yeasts cell hydrolysis by autolysis using endogenous enzymes at 50/75 C

Answer 22

-Prepared by acid or enzyme hydrolysis of high protein materials (meat, gelatine, keratin, peanuts, cottonseeds)

Answer 23

In antibiotic fermentation due to slow metabolism

Answer 24

needs to be of consistent composition with few minerals that contribute to hardness and little or no iron and chlorine.

Answer 25

like humans, microorganisms require trace amounts of vitamins and minerals; some bacteria can actually synthesize vitamins but most need for them to be added. Vitamins and minerals ranging from amino acids to zinc are either added, or in the case of trace minerals, can be found in the water supply.

Answer 26

Those reagents that will either promote the growth of one metabolites or discourage the growth of another metabolite must be added to the media

Answer 27

If we don’t have same homogenous conditions in reactor, the rate of reactions might not be same, microbes might not be on same growth phase, will not make good quality products

Answer 28

for aerobic fermentation processes, oxygen is typically diffused into the media; for industrial applications, the source of the oxygen is air (as opposed to pure oxygen). The air is typically filter sterilized prior to injection into the media.

Answer 29

foaming during fermentation is largely due to media proteins becoming attached to the air-broth interface where they denaturate. Antifoams are physical and chemical that can suppress foam, don’t want to add too much can affect physiological conditions of microbes, little bit so it doesn’t affect too much of biochemistry of microbe

Answer 30

blockage of filters (loss of aseptic conditions and decrease in reactor throughput Solution: *Modification of medium composition *Mechanical foam breakers *Chemical antifoams

Answer 31

Transport through the cell membrane

Answer 32

Depends on scale of fermentation since it can add up to 80% of the process cost

Answer 33

Carbon sources, nitrogen source, phosphate source, sulfur, water, vitamins and minerals, oxygen, inducers/inhibitors, and antifoam agents