Week 2 Biochem Flashcards
The Pentose phosphate pathway creates ______ to use for ________ in anabolism.
- NADPH
2. Reducing Power
After becoming G-6-P in the cells, glucose undergoes ________ to yield ______. In anaerobic cells, this is then converted into ______. In aerobic cells, it then enters the _______, is utilized in ________, and yields ______.
- Glycolysis
- TWO Pyruvate
- Lactate
- Mitochondria
- The electron transport chain
- ATP
The GLUT-2 transporter is found in _______, and is characterized as _______.
- The Liver
2. Insulin-Independent
The GLUT-4 transporter is found in _______, and is characterized as _______.
- Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
2. Insulin-Dependent
_______ is the only metabolic process that is able to produce ATP anaerobically. It is also said to be ________, because regulation of it may be different between species/life forms.
- Glycolysis
2. Ubiquitous
Glucose is structurally considered an ___________, meaning that it has: _______
- Aldo-hexose
2. An aldehyde on the end of its 6-carbon chain
Pyruvate is structurally considered an _______.
Alpha keto acid
Glycolysis inputs: (which is oxidizer/reducer)
Glycolysis outputs:
- Inputs:
- 2 ATP = oxidizer
- 2 NAD+ = reducer
- Outputs:
- 2 NADH (reduced)
- 4 ATP (oxidized)
Glycolysis is broken into 2 Stages:
The first stage involves ________ and is referred to as the ________. The second stage involves ______ and is referred to as the _________.
- Input of 2 ATP
- Priming stage
- Oxidation of ATP to yield a net of 2 ATP
- Payoff Stage
Describe how one might also split glycolysis into 3 phases:
Stage 1: Activation= 2 ATP consumed
Stage 2: Isomerization= Splitting of hexose-bisphos.
Stage 3: Oxidation: Of Glyceral-3-P to form ATP/NADH
What are the 3 types of rxns involved in glycolysis?
- Breakdown of carbon skeleton
- Phos. of ADP
- Formation of reduced coenzyme - NADH
The first step of glycolysis consumes a molecule of ATP and is therefore considered to be _______.
Exergonic
What is the most important regulatory enzyme of glycolysis? Why? Also, What type of enzyme is this?
- Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
- After it conducts its catalytic activity, the molecule MUST continue through glycolysis to yield pyruvate.
- Allosteric Enzyme
The glycolytic pathway is OVERALL considered to be ______.
Exergonic
Why is the 4th step of glycolysis driven toward a net breakdown of G-6-P?
Because the products of that reaction are taken away, creating a need for more to be made.
ALL reactions of the glycolytic pathway occur in _______.
The Cytoplasm
What are the 4 major fates of Pyruvate after being formed from glycolysis?
- Acetyl CoA: For mitochondrial ATP production
- Ethanol: In yeasts/bacteria to produce NAD+ and continue glycolysis anaerobically
- Lactate: Same as ethanol, but in eukaryotes
- Oxaloacetate: 1st step of gluconeogenesis
Why must the cell maintain separate pools of NAD+/NADH?
The NADH molecule signals that the cell is in a high energy state and is therefore regulatory in nature. Since reactions are occurring separately in the cytoplasm and mitochondria, they must each have their own pool as a regulator.
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to L-Lactate in anaerobic metabolism
Lactate Dehydrogenase
When does the reverse reaction (L-Lactate becomes Pyruvate) occur?
Under Aerobic Conditions
Red blood cells have no ______, and therefore they can only use ______ to generate ______. This means they are constantly undergoing ______.
- Mitochondria
- The Glycolytic Pathway
- ATP
- Lactic Acid Fermentation (Lactate–>Pyruvate)
What is the main point of alcoholic fermentation of pyruvate to ethanol in yeasts?
To produce NAD+ for the glycolytic pathway to continue
In the presence of oxygen, newly formed pyruvate will then ________ in order to ______.
- Enter the mitochondria
2. Complete Oxidation
In order to enter the mitochondria, pyruvate must be ______ to form the ______.
- De-carboxylated (by Pyr. De-H-ase)
2. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex