WEEK 2 - Balance, Gait, Terminology Flashcards by Ashley Pacheco

common prefixes and their meanings

A:
Dys:
Pre:
Hypo:
Hyper:
Brady:
Hemi:
Quadri:
Para:
Myo:
Neuro:

A: ABSENCE
Dys: ABNORMAL
Pre: BEFORE
Hypo: DEFICIENT
Hyper: EXCESSIVE
Brady: SLOW
Hemi: HALF
Quadri: 4
Para: ABNORMAL, BESIDE
Myo: MUSCLE
Neuro: NS, NERVE

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Suffixes meaning:

Kinesia:
Reflexia:
Tonia:
Plegia:
Paresis:
Pathy:
Esthesia:
Taxia:
Praxia:

Kinesia: MOVEMENT
Reflexia: REFLEXES
Tonia: TENSION OF MUSCLE AT REST
Plegia: PARALYSIS
Paresis: WEAKNESS
Pathy: DISEASE
Esthesia: FEELING/ CAPACITY FOR SENSATION
Taxia: ORDER;
CO-ORDINATION
Praxia: WORK; DEED

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What is Akinesia?

inability to initiate movement

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what is dyskinesia

abnormal movement, difficulty controlling movement

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what is hypokinesia?

decreased movements

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what is hyperkinesia?

exaggerated/ increase in movement

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what is Bradykinesia

ABNORMAL slowness of movement

*this doesn’t qualify for someone who just walks very slowly that doesn’t necessarily mean that its pathological

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what are the examples of hyperkinesia

chorea
athetosis
tics
myoclonus

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what are some characteristics of:

chorea

looks like a dance
ongoing, brief, involuntary movement
fast
looks like its intended but it is not

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what are some characteristics of:

athetosis

often affects distal limbs (hands, feet)
like a hand rotation/ turning/ twisting
SLOW
NOT DANCE LIKE, looks to be more pain like

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what are some characteristics of:

Tics

sudden
repetitive
non-rhythmic
affects speech as well

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what are some characteristics of:

Myoclonus

sequence of repeated shock like jerks
involuntary
also causes sudden involuntary contraction/ relaxation of the muscle

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what is hyperreflexia?

exaggerated reflexes

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what is hyporeflexia?

diminished reflexes

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what is Areflexia?

absent reflexes

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what is dystonia?
what is a symptom

abnormal tone

abnormal posture

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what is hypertonia?
what is a symptom?

abnormal increase in muscle tension at rest

reduced ability of a muscle to be stretched

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what is hypotonia?

abnormal decrease in muscle tone at rest

not the same as muscle weakness

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___________: excessive muscle tone, initiated by passive stretching, the more u stretch the more excessive the tone

spasticity

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____________: series of involuntary contractions due to sudden stretching of muscle

clonus

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________: permanent shortening of muscle/ tendon due to excessive tone

contractures

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what is hemiplegia?

paralysis on one side of body

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what is paraplegia

paralysis of lower limbs

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what is quadriplegia

paralysis of four limbs

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what is hemiparesis?

weakness on one side of body

what is myopathy?

- muscular disease - neuromuscular or musculoskeletal - motor disorder caused via defect of muscle

what is neuropathy?

damage to PNS

what is symptoms of paresthesia?

sensation of: - tingling - pricking - or numbness of a person's skin ex) carpal tunnel

what is Ataxia

lack of order of movements discoordinated movements

what is apraxia?

inability to carry out learned purposeful movements (work) Ex) tell them to "unlock a door with a key" sometimes they will perform a different action or sometimes they will say " i dont know"

quick poll: which word would best describe a disorder or a disease? a) neuropathy b) parathesthesia c) hemiparesis d) myopathy

quick poll: which would be a possible signs of a lower motor neuron (alpha motor neuron) lesion a) weakness b) clonus c) hyperreflexia d) hyporeflexia

a) and d) weakness --> decreased activity hyporeflexia --> cant generate reflex output

quick poll: chorea, athetosis, and tics are examples of what? a) amnesia b) bradykinesia c) hyperkinesia d) dyskinesia

C and D

symptoms of a stroke commonly include? a) quadriplegia b) hemiparesis c) akinesia d) chorea

what are the basic components of a neurological exam?

1. subjective report 2. mental status 3. objective exam 4. Lab testing (blood, urine) 5. Neuorimaging 6. electrophysiological

what is done within a objective assessment?

dermatomal testing

what is a dermatome area?

skin supplied by a single nerve root

why is dermatomal testing used in an objective assessment

it can allow the therapist to understand at what level of the nerve root is involved

what is a myotome?

a muscle/ group of muscles supplied by a single nerve root

a lesion of a single nerve root is usually associated with _______ of the myotome

paresis

hyporeflexia involves upper or lower motor neuron

lower

hyperreflexia involves upper or lower motor neuron

upper

what are tests revealing UMN lesions?

1. babinkis's sign - great toe extension - abduction of toes 2. Clonus - shaking/ beating with quick dorsiflexion 3. Hoffmans signal - quick flexion of distal phalange on middle finger - abduction of thumb - flexion of index finer

what are some cerebellar tests for dysmetria (specific type of ataxia)

1. finger to nose test - positive = intention tremor (tremor when close to target) 2. heel to shin test - move heelup up and down along shin - positive = inability to do it in a straight line

__________ is the inability to perform rapid alternating moments test: rapid pronation and supination

dysdiadochokinesia dis-die-do-kinesia

__________ is the inability ti timely contact antagonist muscle

rebound phenomenon

swing phase is ______ of gait cycle

40%

stance phase is _______ of gait cycle

60%

true or false stance phase is foot off ground about to touch the ground to form a stance?

false foot is in contact with ground

what are the components of a stance phase?

initial contact/ heel strike loading response mid stance terminal stance pre-swing

what does "Toe-Off" signify

the end of stance and beginning of Swing phase

what are the components of a swing phase?

- initial swing - mid swing - terminal swing

true or false there is a double swing phase in running

true

what does the swing support phase consist of?

loading response mid stance terminal stance

what does the double support phase consist of?

pre-swing + Toe off

what is step length?

distance between R and L step

what is step width?

distance between borders of the feet

what is stride length?

distance covered in a single stride

what are the temporal measures of gait

- gait speed - cadence - step or stride time

in reference to gait symmetry if the ratio = 1 is this symmetrical or asymmetrical

1= symmetrical

in reference to gait symmetry if the ratio >1 is this symmetrical or asymmetrical

>1= Asymmetrical

what is the hallmark for walking? healthy gait: 1. 2. 3. 4. healthy movement: 1. 2. 3. 4.

healthy gait: 1. progression 2. shock absorption 3. maintain stability 4. energy conservation healthy movement: 1. successful, smooth 2. avoid injury 3. adaptable 4. efficient

how is healthy progression achieved in terms of ur gait

rocking over heal, then ankle, then forefoot. in other words: 1. heel strike (rock over on heal) 2. mid stance (dorsiflexion of ankle + into forefoot) 3. toe off (on toes all pressure on forefoot)

________: this reduces the impact within a gait cycle

shock absorption

what is there structurally that helps shock absorption

- calcaneal fat pad - arches (med, lat, transverese)

what muscles help with shock absorption

eccentric tibialis anterior eccentric knee flexion (quad)

stability requires

weight shift maintaining COM over foot by LATERAL SHIFT over supporting leg

what are the two mechanisms to minimize energy?

minimize muscle activity minimize unnecessary movement of COM (keep a narrow step width)

what movements in what plane's minimize vertical and horizontal movement of COM

sagittal plane: ipsilateral pelvis moves from post to ant pelvic tilt frontal plane: contralateral pelvid drops ~5 deg then back to neutral transverse plane: contralateral pelvis moves from backwards to forwards pelvic rotation

what are some examples of how to minimize muscle activity?

lateral shift use of passive posturing/ momentum significant muscle activity only at transitions

how is gait assessed

- observation - pressure sensing mat - motion capture system - Inertial measurement units

dual task cost =?

dual task speed / single task speed * 100 = the dual task cost

maintaining balance requires control of

COM BOS

how do we assess balance?

- observation - times tests - BBS (berg balance scale) - miniBESTest - posture portion - posturography

_________ is the gold standard of balance measures?

Posturography - its computed via force plates - measures COP sway

Posturography measures?

path length velocity RMS CoP sway

WEEK 2 - Balance, Gait, Terminology Flashcards

1: Terminology + neurological assessment 2: balance + gait assessment