Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY2061 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

five phases of neurodevelopment

A 
induction of the neural plate 
neural proliferation 
aggregation 
axon growth and synapse formation 
neuron death and synapse rearrangement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

potency after zygote

A 
A fertilised egg is totipotent- develops into any cell 
After specialisation they become pluripotent- can develop into many but nit all classes 
Eventually they become multipotent- can develop into different cells of only one class 
Most developing cells eventually become unipotent- can only develop into one type of cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

induction of the neural plate

A

3 weeks post conception in all vertebrates
Induced by chemical signals from the organiser (in mesoderm layer)
Tissue taken from the dorsal mesoderm of one embryo (the donor) and implanted beneath the ventral ectoderm of another embryo (the host) induces the development of an extra neural plate on the ventral surface of the host
Neural plate folds to form neural groove, and then lips of the groove fuse to form the neural tube (neural tube defects happen here)
Inside of the neural tube eventually becomes the cerebral ventricles and spinal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

40 days post conception

A

3 swellings visible at the anterior end of the human neural tube; develop into fore, mid and hindbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

stem cells

A

unlimited capacity for self renewal, can be totipotent, pluripotent or multipoint
Neurons develop from glial cells
When a stem cell divides into two, one becomes a type of body cell and the other is another stem cell which keeps dividing until error happens to stop it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 layers of embryonic cells

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

neural plate

A

tissue for NS

a small patch of ectodermal tissue on the dorsal surface of the developing embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

neural proliferation

A

After neural tube is formed
Most occurs in ventricular zone, adjacent to ventricle
gives brain its swelling and folding
controlled by chemical signals from two organiser areas in neural tube- floor plate (along midline of the ventral surface of the tube) and roof plate (midline of dorsal surface of tube)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

migration

A

Immature neuron cells (No dendrites or axons) migrate to target location governed by two major factors- specific time and location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cell migration within neural tube

A

radial and tangential

can use both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

radial migration

A

proceeds from the ventricular zone in a straight line outward toward the outer wall of the tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

tangential migration

A

at a right angle to radial migration; parallel to the tube’s walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cell migration out of neural tube

A

Somal translocation and glia-mediated migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

somal translocation

A

extension grows from cell in migration direction, explores for attractive and repulsive cues, then cell body moves along extension and removes old ones as it passes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

glia mediated migration

A

radal glia cells appear in neural tube, cells move along this network
Because each wave of cortical cells migrates through the already formed lower layers of cortex before reaching its destination, this radial pattern of cortical development is referred to as an inside-out pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

neural crest

A

dorsal to neural tube, formed from cells that break off developing neural tube, develop into neurons and glial cells of PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

aggregation

A

mediated by CAMs on the surface of cells
Gap junctions using connexins
Migrated neurons align themselves with others to form structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

axon growth

A

Axons and dendrites grow
Growth cone at tip of both structures extends and retracts fingerlike cytoplasmic extensions called filopodia, which grow towards target

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

retinal ganglion cells

A

compose the optic nerve (Sperry’s experiment on frogs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

chemoaffinity hypothesis of axonal development

A

hypothesised that each postsynaptic surface in the NS releases a specific chemical label which attracts growing axon during neural development and regeneration
Fails to account for the discovery that some growing axons follow the same circuitous route to reach their target in ever member of a species rather than growing directly to it
According to this discovery, growth cones are influenced by a series of chemical and physical signs along the route

21
Q

pioneer growth cones

A

first to travel along a particular route; presumed to follow the correct trail by interacting with guidance molecules along the route
Then subsequent growth cones follow these routes

22
Q

fasciculation

A

tendency of developing axons to grow along the paths established by preceding axons

23
Q

topographic gradient hypothesis

A

explains accurate axonal growth involving topographic mapping; axons growing from one topographic surface (retina) to another (optic tectum) are guided to targets that are arranged on the terminal surface in the same way as the axons’ cell bodies are arranged on the original surface
The growing axons are guided to their destinations by two intersecting signal gradients (an anterior- posterior and medial-lateral gradient)

24
Q

synapse formation

A

Synaptogenesis: formation of new synapses
Astrocytes (a type of glial cell) aid by processing, transferring and sorting information supplied by neurons
More research needs to be done
Any type of neuron will form synapses with another type, those that do not function afterwards are eliminated

25
Q

neuron death

A

50% more neurons than required are produced

apoptosis or necrosis

26
Q

apoptosis

A

safer
active process
DNA and other internal structures are cleaved apart and packaged before cell breaks
Apoptosis could result in cancer if genetic programs for cell death are blocked
If over activated, neurodegenerative disease

27
Q

necrosis

A

passive cell death

cell breaks and spill content into extracellular fluid, causing harmful inflammation

28
Q

triggers for apoptosis

A

ome developing neurons are genetically programmed for an early death without an obvious external stimulus
Some die because they do not get life-preserving chemicals that are supplied by targets

29
Q

evidence that life preserving chemicals are supplied to developing neurons by their post synaptic targets

A

Grafting an extra target to an embryo reduces neuronal death
Destroying some neurons in an area increases survival rate of the remaining

30
Q

Most prominent life-preserving chemicals are neurotrophins

A

Nerve growth factors (NGF) first to be isolated

Promote the growth and survival of neurons, function as axon guidance molecules and stimulate synaptogenesis

31
Q

synapse rearrangement

A

As a neuron with incorrect synapse dies, this vacant space is filled by the sprouting axon terminals of remaining neurons
Tends to focus the output of each neuron on a smaller number of postsynaptic cells, so increasing the selectivity of transmission

32
Q

postnatal growth of human brain

A

Brain volume grows x4 between birth and adulthood
Results from synaptogenesis, myelination of axons and increased branching of dendrites, NOT from additional neurons
sensory and motor areas reach functional maturity before association areas

33
Q

development of prefrontal cortex

A

most prolonged period of development

34
Q

prefrontal cortex cognitive functions

A

Working memory: keeping relevant info accessible for short periods of time while a task is being completed
Planning and carrying out sequences of actions
Inhibiting responses that are inappropriate in the current context but not in others
Following rules for social behaviour

35
Q

prefrontal cortex: preservation

A

tendency to continue making a formerly correct response when it is currently incorrect, preservative error common between 7-12 MO

36
Q

permissive experiences

A

permit the information in genetic programs of brain development to be expressed and maintained

37
Q

instructive experiences

A

contribute tot he information in genetic programs and influence the course of development

38
Q

critical period

A

it is absolutely essential for an experience to occur within a particular interval to influence development

39
Q

sensitive period

A

an experience has a great effect on development when it occurs during a particular interval but can still have weak effects outside the interval
The vast majority of experiential effects on development have been shown to be sensitive periods

40
Q

experience fine tunes neurodevelopment

A

Long before the NS is fully developed, neurons begin to interact with the environment
Resulting patterns of neural activity fine tune subsequent stages of neurodevelopment
It is the critical, final phase of typical development

41
Q

neurogenesis in adult mammals

A

New neurons are added to the hippo campuses of primates, including humans, and the number of new neurones in the adult human hippocampus is approx. 700 per day per hippocampus
In most nonhuman adult mammals, substantial neurogenesis seems to be restricted to the olfactory bulb and hippocampus, and low levels in hypothalamus and cortex
In adult humans, it occurs in striatum and hippocampus, but not in the olfactory bulbs
New olfactory bulb and striatal neurons are created from adult neural stem cells at certain sites in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and then migrate to the olfactory bulbs or stratum in nonhuman mammals and human mammals respectively
New hippocampal cells are created near their final location in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus
Neurons generated during adulthood survive, become integrated into neural circuits and begin to conduct neural signals
Adult-generated olfactory bulb and striatal neurons become interneurons
Adult-generated hippocampus neurons become granule cells in the dentate gyrus

42
Q

effects of experience on the reorganisation of the adult cortex

A

Experience in adulthood can lead to reorganisation of sensory and motor cortical maps
Tinnitus produces a major reorganisation of primary auditory cortex
Thus once the brain has adapted to abnormal environmental conditions, it acquires the ability to adapt more effectively if it encounters the same conditions again

43
Q

ASD age

A

Almost always apparent before the age of 3 and does not typically increase in severity after

44
Q

asd core symptoms required for diagnosis

A

Reduced capacity for social interaction and communication

Restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities

45
Q

echolalia

A

repeating almost everything one hears

in asd

46
Q

asd causes of concern

A

decline in eye contact between 2-6MO, no smiles or happy expressions by 9 MO, no communicative gestures such as pointing or waving by 12 MO

47
Q

savant abilities in asd

A

persons with developmental disabilities who display amazing and specific cognitive or artistic abilities

Savant abilities emerge spontaneously not through learning or practice
Savant abilities can sometimes appear in otherwise healthy people after brain damage or transcranial magnetic stimulation to the left anterior temporal lobe- suggests that this is caused by compensatory responses in parts that are not damaged

48
Q

williams syndrome characteristics

A

Heterogenous and intellectual like ASD
sociable, empathetic and talkative
Although they have a delay in language development and language deficits in adulthood, their language skills are good
Often musically gifted, perfect or near perfect pitch and rhythm
Near typical ability to recognise faces
Attentional problems, spatial inability
Health problems, including heart

49
Q

williams syndrome biological

A

Missing chromosome 7 gene for elastin, causing heart disorder
Decreased basal ganglia volume
General thinning of the cortex and underlying white matter, greatest at the boundary of the parietal and occipital lobes and in the orbitofrontal cortex
These brain differences may be related to spatial impairment and hyper sociability respectively
Thickness at superior temporal gyrus is typical- high levels of language and music processing

PSY2061 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions