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PSY2061 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

autonomic motor nerves that project from the CNS in the lumbar (small of the back) and thoracic (chest area) regions of the spinal cord

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2
Q

Parasympathetic nerves

A

autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain and sacral (lower back) region of the spinal cord

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3
Q

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

A

project from CNS and go part of the way to the target organs before they synapse on other neurons (second stage neurons) that carry the signals the rest of the way

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4
Q

3 principles

A

SN stimulate, organise and mobilise energy resources in threatening situations; parasympathetic nerves act to conserve energy
Each autonomic target organ receives opposing sympathetic and parasympathetic input, and its activity is thus controlled by relative levels of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity
Sympathetic changes are indicative of psychological arousal; parasympathetic changes are indicative of psychological relaxation

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5
Q

Meninges

A

3 protective membranes for CNS

outer meninx, fine arachnoid space, pia mater

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6
Q

outer meninx

A

tough membrane called dura meter

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7
Q

fine arachnoid membrane

A

subarachnoid space with large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid

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8
Q

pia mater

A

adheres to surface of CNS

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9
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Fills subarachnoid space, central canal of the spinal cord and the cerebral ventricles of the brain
produced by the choroid plexuses (capillaries in ventricles from the Pia mater)
Excess fluid absorbed from subarachnoid space into dural sinuses

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10
Q

central canal

A

small central channel along spinal cord

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11
Q

cerebral ventricles

A

four large internal chambers of the brain

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12
Q

hydrocephalus

A

buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles causing their wall and the entire brain to expand

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13
Q

blood brain barrier

A

Cells of the cerebral blood vessels walls are tightly packed, forming a barrier to the passage of many molecules

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14
Q

multipolar neuron

A

neuron with more than two processes extending from its cell body

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15
Q

unipolar neuron

A

one process extending from cell body

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16
Q

bipolar neuron

A

two processes extending from cell body

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17
Q

bundles of axons in CNS and PNS

A

In the CNS bundles of axons are called tracts; in the PNS they are nerves

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18
Q

Schwann cell vs oligodendrocytes

A

o: CNS, S: PNS
Each Schwann cell has one myelin segment; oligodendrocytes have many each
Only Schwann cells can guide axonal regeneration after damage- effective axonal regeneration in the mammalian nervous system is restricted to PNS

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19
Q

microglia

A

respond to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular debris or entire cells and triggering inflammatory responses
Regulation of cell death, synapse formation, synapse elimination

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20
Q

astrocytes

A

largest, allow the passage of some chemicals from the blood into CNS neurons and blocking others, contract or relax blood vessels based on the blood flow demands of particular brain regions
Exchange chemical signals, control and maintain synapses between neurons, control blood-brain barrier and respond to brain injury

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21
Q

golgi stain

A

uses silver chromate to view individual neurons; used for overall shape of neurons

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22
Q

nissil stain

A

shows number of neurons in an area; cresyl violet binds only to structures in neutron cell body; used to count number of cell bodies

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23
Q

electron microscopy

A

neuronal structure; for greater detail first coat thin slices of neural tissue with an electron absorbing substance then pass beam of electrons to get electron micrograph; SEM for 3D

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24
Q

anterograde tracing methods

A

wants to trace the paths of axons projecting away from cell bodies in an area; injects a chemical, taken up by cell bodies and transported down axon to terminal buttons, brain removed and sliced to locate chemicals

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25
Q

retrograde tracing methods

A

wants to trace the paths of axons projecting into a particular area; chemical injected, taken up by buttons and transported backwards to cell bodies, brain removed and sliced to locate

26
Q

anterior

A

AKA rostral

27
Q

posterior

A

AKA caudal

28
Q

medial

A

towards the midline of body, towards spinal cord

29
Q

lateral

A

towards outside of body

away from spinal cord

30
Q

proximal

A

closer to CNS

31
Q

Distal

A

farther from CNS

32
Q

midsaggital section

A

section cut down the centre of the brain between the two hemispheres

33
Q

cross section

A

section cut at a right angle to any long, narrow structure

34
Q

gray matter

A

cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons

35
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons

36
Q

dorsal horns

A

the two dorsal arms of the spinal gray matter

37
Q

ventral horns

A

the two ventral arms

38
Q

dorsal roots

A

All dorsal root axons are sensory unipolar neurons with their cell bodies grouped together just outside the cord to form the dorsal root ganglia

39
Q

ventral roots

A

Neurons of the ventral root are motor multipolar neurons with their cell bodies in the ventral horns

40
Q

myelencephalon

A

Most posterior divison of the brain
Tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and body
Reticular formation: sleep, attention, movement, maintains muscle tone, reflexes
AKA reticular activating system

41
Q

metencephalon

A

Houses many ascending and descending tracts and part of the reticular formation
Pons and cerebellum
Cerebellum: large convoluted structure on the brain stem’s dorsal surface
Sensorimotor structure
Damage eliminates ability to control movement and adapt them to changing environment
Also cognitive deficits with damage (decision making and language)

42
Q

mesencephalon

A

tectum and tegmentum

43
Q

tectum

A

dorsal surface of the midbrain
Inferior colliculi: posterior, auditory function
Superior colliculi: anterior, visual-motor function, direct the body’s orientation toward or away from particular visual stimuli
Tectum in lower vertebrates AKA optic tectum

44
Q

tegmentum

A

ventral to the tectum
Contains:
Periaqueductal gray: gray matter around the cerebral aqueduct (duct connecting the third and fourth ventricles, mediates the analgesic effects of opiod drugs)
Substantia nigra: black substance, sensorimotor system
Red nucleus: sensorimotor system

45
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

46
Q

thalamus

A

White lamina composed of myelinated axons visible
Has many different nuclei
Sensory relay nuclei: receive signals from sensory receptors, process them and then transmit them to the appropriate areas of sensory cortex
Lateral geniculate nuclei (visual), medial geniculate nuclei (auditory), ventral posterior nuclei (somatosensory systems)

47
Q

hypothalamus

A

eating, sleep and sexual behaviour
Releases hormones from pituitary gland
Optic chiasm: point at which optic nerves from each eye come together; some axons of optic nerve decussate via this (contralateral vs ipsilateral for non decussating)
Mammillary bodies: pair of spherical nuclei on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus just being the pituitary

48
Q

telencephalon

A

initiates voluntary movement, interprets sensory input and mediates complex cognitive processes such as learning, speaking and problem solving
Cerebral cortex is mainly composed of small unmyelinated neurons, so is gray and AKA gray matter

49
Q

lissencephalic

A

smooth brained

most mammals

50
Q

largest gyri

A

precentral (frontal), post central (parietal) and superior temporal (temporal) gyri

51
Q

two large functional areas in each parietal lobe

A

post central gyrus analyses sensations from the body whereas remaining areas in posterior parts play roles in perceiving the location of both object and our bodies and in directing our attention

52
Q

Layer os neocortex

A

Cortical neurons are either pyramidal or stellate
The six layers of neocortex differ from one another in terms of size and density of their cell bodies and the relative proportion of pyramidal and stellate cell bodies they contain
Many long axons and dendrites course vertically through the neocortex (columnar organisation)
Variations in thickness of the six layers from area to area

53
Q

pyramidal cells

A

large multipolar neurons with pyramid shaped cell bodies, a large dendrite called an apical dendrite and long axon

54
Q

stellate cells

A

small star shaped interneuron

55
Q

hippocampus

A

Not neocortex, medial edge of the cerebral cortex, some kinds of memory (spatial location)

56
Q

limbic system

A 
Limbic system: circle thalamus, regulation of motivated behaviours (fleeing, feeding, fighting and sexual behaviour) 
amygdala 
hippocampus 
cingulate cortex 
fornix 
septum 
basal ganglia
57
Q

amygdala

A

emotion and fear

58
Q

hippocampus

A

certain forms of memory

59
Q

cingulate cortex

A

large strip of cortex in the cingulate gyrus on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres

60
Q

fornix

A

major tract of limbic system

61
Q

septum

A

midline nucleus at the anterior tip of the cingulate cortex

62
Q

basal ganglia

A

also includes amygdala
Caudate
Putamen
Together AKA striatum
Globus pallidus
Performance of voluntary motor responses and decision making
Nucleus accumbens: plays a role in the rewarding effects of drugs and other reinforcers

PSY2061 (4 decks)

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