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PSY2061 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

autonomic motor nerves that project from the CNS in the lumbar (small of the back) and thoracic (chest area) regions of the spinal cord

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2
Q

Parasympathetic nerves

A

autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain and sacral (lower back) region of the spinal cord

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3
Q

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

A

project from CNS and go part of the way to the target organs before they synapse on other neurons (second stage neurons) that carry the signals the rest of the way

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4
Q

3 principles

A

SN stimulate, organise and mobilise energy resources in threatening situations; parasympathetic nerves act to conserve energy
Each autonomic target organ receives opposing sympathetic and parasympathetic input, and its activity is thus controlled by relative levels of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity
Sympathetic changes are indicative of psychological arousal; parasympathetic changes are indicative of psychological relaxation

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5
Q

Meninges

A

3 protective membranes for CNS

outer meninx, fine arachnoid space, pia mater

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6
Q

outer meninx

A

tough membrane called dura meter

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7
Q

fine arachnoid membrane

A

subarachnoid space with large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid

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8
Q

pia mater

A

adheres to surface of CNS

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9
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Fills subarachnoid space, central canal of the spinal cord and the cerebral ventricles of the brain
produced by the choroid plexuses (capillaries in ventricles from the Pia mater)
Excess fluid absorbed from subarachnoid space into dural sinuses

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10
Q

central canal

A

small central channel along spinal cord

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11
Q

cerebral ventricles

A

four large internal chambers of the brain

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12
Q

hydrocephalus

A

buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles causing their wall and the entire brain to expand

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13
Q

blood brain barrier

A

Cells of the cerebral blood vessels walls are tightly packed, forming a barrier to the passage of many molecules

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14
Q

multipolar neuron

A

neuron with more than two processes extending from its cell body

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15
Q

unipolar neuron

A

one process extending from cell body

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16
Q

bipolar neuron

A

two processes extending from cell body

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17
Q

bundles of axons in CNS and PNS

A

In the CNS bundles of axons are called tracts; in the PNS they are nerves

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18
Q

Schwann cell vs oligodendrocytes

A

o: CNS, S: PNS
Each Schwann cell has one myelin segment; oligodendrocytes have many each
Only Schwann cells can guide axonal regeneration after damage- effective axonal regeneration in the mammalian nervous system is restricted to PNS

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19
Q

microglia

A

respond to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular debris or entire cells and triggering inflammatory responses
Regulation of cell death, synapse formation, synapse elimination

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20
Q

astrocytes

A

largest, allow the passage of some chemicals from the blood into CNS neurons and blocking others, contract or relax blood vessels based on the blood flow demands of particular brain regions
Exchange chemical signals, control and maintain synapses between neurons, control blood-brain barrier and respond to brain injury

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21
Q

golgi stain

A

uses silver chromate to view individual neurons; used for overall shape of neurons

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22
Q

nissil stain

A

shows number of neurons in an area; cresyl violet binds only to structures in neutron cell body; used to count number of cell bodies

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23
Q

electron microscopy

A

neuronal structure; for greater detail first coat thin slices of neural tissue with an electron absorbing substance then pass beam of electrons to get electron micrograph; SEM for 3D

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24
Q

anterograde tracing methods

A

wants to trace the paths of axons projecting away from cell bodies in an area; injects a chemical, taken up by cell bodies and transported down axon to terminal buttons, brain removed and sliced to locate chemicals

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25
retrograde tracing methods
wants to trace the paths of axons projecting into a particular area; chemical injected, taken up by buttons and transported backwards to cell bodies, brain removed and sliced to locate
26
anterior
AKA rostral
27
posterior
AKA caudal
28
medial
towards the midline of body, towards spinal cord
29
lateral
towards outside of body | away from spinal cord
30
proximal
closer to CNS
31
Distal
farther from CNS
32
midsaggital section
section cut down the centre of the brain between the two hemispheres
33
cross section
section cut at a right angle to any long, narrow structure
34
gray matter
cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons
35
white matter
myelinated axons
36
dorsal horns
the two dorsal arms of the spinal gray matter
37
ventral horns
the two ventral arms
38
dorsal roots
All dorsal root axons are sensory unipolar neurons with their cell bodies grouped together just outside the cord to form the dorsal root ganglia
39
ventral roots
Neurons of the ventral root are motor multipolar neurons with their cell bodies in the ventral horns
40
myelencephalon
Most posterior divison of the brain Tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and body Reticular formation: sleep, attention, movement, maintains muscle tone, reflexes AKA reticular activating system
41
metencephalon
Houses many ascending and descending tracts and part of the reticular formation Pons and cerebellum Cerebellum: large convoluted structure on the brain stem’s dorsal surface Sensorimotor structure Damage eliminates ability to control movement and adapt them to changing environment Also cognitive deficits with damage (decision making and language)
42
mesencephalon
tectum and tegmentum
43
tectum
dorsal surface of the midbrain Inferior colliculi: posterior, auditory function Superior colliculi: anterior, visual-motor function, direct the body’s orientation toward or away from particular visual stimuli Tectum in lower vertebrates AKA optic tectum
44
tegmentum
ventral to the tectum Contains: Periaqueductal gray: gray matter around the cerebral aqueduct (duct connecting the third and fourth ventricles, mediates the analgesic effects of opiod drugs) Substantia nigra: black substance, sensorimotor system Red nucleus: sensorimotor system
45
diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
46
thalamus
White lamina composed of myelinated axons visible Has many different nuclei Sensory relay nuclei: receive signals from sensory receptors, process them and then transmit them to the appropriate areas of sensory cortex Lateral geniculate nuclei (visual), medial geniculate nuclei (auditory), ventral posterior nuclei (somatosensory systems)
47
hypothalamus
eating, sleep and sexual behaviour Releases hormones from pituitary gland Optic chiasm: point at which optic nerves from each eye come together; some axons of optic nerve decussate via this (contralateral vs ipsilateral for non decussating) Mammillary bodies: pair of spherical nuclei on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus just being the pituitary
48
telencephalon
initiates voluntary movement, interprets sensory input and mediates complex cognitive processes such as learning, speaking and problem solving Cerebral cortex is mainly composed of small unmyelinated neurons, so is gray and AKA gray matter
49
lissencephalic
smooth brained | most mammals
50
largest gyri
precentral (frontal), post central (parietal) and superior temporal (temporal) gyri
51
two large functional areas in each parietal lobe
post central gyrus analyses sensations from the body whereas remaining areas in posterior parts play roles in perceiving the location of both object and our bodies and in directing our attention
52
Layer os neocortex
Cortical neurons are either pyramidal or stellate The six layers of neocortex differ from one another in terms of size and density of their cell bodies and the relative proportion of pyramidal and stellate cell bodies they contain Many long axons and dendrites course vertically through the neocortex (columnar organisation) Variations in thickness of the six layers from area to area
53
pyramidal cells
large multipolar neurons with pyramid shaped cell bodies, a large dendrite called an apical dendrite and long axon
54
stellate cells
small star shaped interneuron
55
hippocampus
Not neocortex, medial edge of the cerebral cortex, some kinds of memory (spatial location)
56
limbic system
``` Limbic system: circle thalamus, regulation of motivated behaviours (fleeing, feeding, fighting and sexual behaviour) amygdala hippocampus cingulate cortex fornix septum basal ganglia ```
57
amygdala
emotion and fear
58
hippocampus
certain forms of memory
59
cingulate cortex
large strip of cortex in the cingulate gyrus on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres
60
fornix
major tract of limbic system
61
septum
midline nucleus at the anterior tip of the cingulate cortex
62
basal ganglia
also includes amygdala Caudate Putamen Together AKA striatum Globus pallidus Performance of voluntary motor responses and decision making Nucleus accumbens: plays a role in the rewarding effects of drugs and other reinforcers

PSY2061 (4 decks)

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