Week 2 Flashcards
Solute
Compound dissolved in a solution of solvent.
Molar freezing point rule
Freezing point depression, when solutes are added to a solution, the freezing point is lowered. The molarity of the solute added is directly proportional to the freezing point depression.
-In order for a liquid to freeze it must first form a lattice. The solutes in a solution interact with the liquid and inhibit the formation of a good lattice structure, thus delaying or depressing the freezing point.
Vapor pressure
Number of gaseous particles. molecules on the surface spontaneously turn to a gaseous state.
-more solute = lower vapor pressure because the solute takes up surface area on the surface and thus doesn’t allow the liquid to evaporate as much.
Water-binding
the tendency of water to associate with hydrophilic substances, solutes and other hydrophilic materials.
Macroscopic as with hydration and water holding capacity.
Hydration
The interaction of water and other hydrophilic substances.
Water-holding capacity
The ability of a matrix of molecules to entrap large amounts of water in a manner that wont leak out.
Bulk water
This is the native structure of the water. It is the lattice structure that makes up most of the water.
Charge density (ions)
The density of charge around the ion, the ratio of charge of an ion to its volume.
Structure promoter
Structure promoter is a molecule or ion that disrupts the initial structure but then more than compensates for hat disruption by creating a new, better structure. These are small compounds like Li, Na, H3O, Ca, Ba, Mg, Al, F, OH
Structure breaker
Structure breakers are molecules that disrupt the structure of the water molecules and do nothing to fix it. These are large compounds like K, Rb, NH4, Cl, Br, I, NO3, BrO3, IO3, ClO4
Hofmeister/lyotropic series
Classification of ions ability to ‘salt in’ or ‘salt out’ proteins. These ions that are introduced into a solution affect the solubility of a protein by taking or breaking difference bonds.
Water bridge
A water bridge can be used to dictate the folding of a protein or it can hold a protein together.
Hydrophobic
Does not dissolve in water. Non-polar
Nonpolar/apolar
This means that the molecule is symmetrical overall and thus does not have a dipole. Electrons are shared equally throughout the molecule
Hydrophobic hydration
Hydrophobic hydration is where water surrounds a non-polar molecule and tries to form itself into the most efficient manner possible. Meaning that the contact with the hydrophobic particle is minimized