Week 2

Question 1

extraneous variables

Answer 1

effect of factors outside/not measured in the study on results

Question 2

guess: effect of factors outside/not measured in the study on results

Answer 2

extraneous variables

Question 3

maturation

Answer 3

changes in the participants due to their psychological or physical development that cannot be disentangled from the experimental manipulation

Question 4

repeated testing

Answer 4

repeated testing can create familiarity and/or memory effects

Question 5

instrumentation

Answer 5

in longitudinal studies, changes in the definition of constructs and in their measurement can make the interpretation of changes in participants responses much more difficult, if not impossible

Question 6

statistical regression

Answer 6

extreme scores on measures, both high and low, tend to be less extreme upon retesting; changes may not be due to experimental manipulation

Question 7

selection biases

Answer 7

impact of exclusion criteria on generalizability or assigning participants to experimental conditions may have on the outcome of the study

Question 8

attrition

Answer 8

the loss of participants over time/ systematic differences in those that stay
vs. those who drop out from the study/ no longer a representative sample

Question 9

sample characteristics

Answer 9

can be limited by the extent to which the particular sample
map onto other samples and populations (e.g. sociodemographic and
psychological characteristics

Question 10

case studies are good for…

Answer 10

generating hypothesis for further research and studies

Question 11

what is a weakness of case studies?

Answer 11

most threats to internal validity cant be addressed

Question 12

what is the most commonly used research design in clinical psychology?

Answer 12

correlational studies

Question 13

in correlational studies, only _____ of variables is looked at

Answer 13

association of variables

Question 14

correlational studies are used for…

Answer 14

incidence, prevalence and distribution

ex. how common is depression?

Question 15

Structural equation modeling (SEM) tests

Answer 15

complex hypothesis; large samples

Question 16

One major weakness of the quasi-experimental design is that

Answer 16

there is no random assignment of participants to experimental
conditions

Question 17

which research design uses random assignment?

Answer 17

experimental design or randomized controlled trial (RCT) uses random assignment to control and treatment condition

Question 18

which research study is • Good against threats to internal validity; poor external validity (generalizability)

Answer 18

Experimental design or randomized controlled trial (RCT)

Question 19

Internal consistency

Answer 19

degree to which elements of a test are homogeneous

Question 20

Face validity

Answer 20

the extent to which is appears to be measuring phenomenon

Question 21

Content validity

Answer 21

fully and accurately assesses what it is meant to assess

Question 22

Criterion validity

Answer 22

ability to differentiate accurately between groups

Question 23

Concurrent validity

Answer 23

triangulation with other measures at the same time.

Do the different ways of measuring agree with each other?

Question 24

classification validity

Answer 24

does the classification scheme capture the nature of the entity?

Question 25

classification utility

Answer 25

how useful is the classification scheme?

Question 26

The classification approach that is based on the assumption that objects differ in the extent to which they possess certain characteristics or properties is known as the

Answer 26

dimensional approach

Question 27

Categorical approach to | classification

Answer 27

an entity is determined to either be A MEMBER of a category OR NOT

Question 28

dimensional approach to classification

Answer 28

entities differ in THE EXTENT to which they possess certain characteristics or properties

Question 29

diagnostic system

Answer 29

a classification based on rules to ORGANIZE AND UNDERSTAND diseases and disorders

Question 30

diagnosis

Answer 30

concisely describes the symptoms that comprise of an INDIVIDUALS CONDITION

Question 31

prototype model

Answer 31

- members of one diagnostic category may differ in the degree to which they represent underlying concept underlying the category. - not all people receiving the same diagnosis have exactly the same set of symptoms

Question 32

the purpose of a diagnostic classification system

Answer 32

- provide CONCISE description of an individuals condition - reflects the BEST CURRENT KNOWLEDGE of psychopathology - COMMON LANGUAGE used by trained professionals and patients - may contain information about ETIOLOGY, COMORBIDITY, and PROGNOSIS - KEY TERMS for searching for treatment - provide framework for REIMBURSEMENT OF COSTS of health services and ELIGIBILITY for special services

Question 33

disadvantages of a diagnostic system

Answer 33

- patient stigmatization of the person receiving the diagnosis - potential for an inaccurate diagnosis resulting in HARMFUL or INAPPROPRIATE TREATMENT - heavily relies on the MEDICAL MODEL and DOESN'T EMPHASIZE STRENGTHS, resources, protective factors and resilience of an individual

Question 34

In 2013, the director of the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), announced that, due to the lack of validity data on the DSM system, the NIMH would encourage efforts to develop a new diagnostic system for mental disorders based on biological and psychological markers for these disorders, known as the

Answer 34

Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)

Question 35

disorder

Answer 35

a disorder is a cluster of symptoms that co-occur. Statistically rare symptoms. Harmful dysfunction to self or others: causes impairment. Dyscontrol: involuntary or not easily controlled

Question 36

explain the process of developing mental disorders

Answer 36

1) biological vulnerability 2) exposure to stressors 3) absence of or disruption of protective factors

Question 37

the DSM-5 is _______ in diagnosis and _______ in the way its organized

Answer 37

Categorical in diagnosis; Dimensional in the way it is organized

Question 38

what type of approach does the DSM-5 use?

Answer 38

lifespan approach

Question 39

concerns about DSM-5

Answer 39

- lack of openness: confidentiality agreement - over-representation of biological views - resignations over diagnosis of personality disorders being inconsistent with scientific literature - poor reliability of diagnoses

Question 40

diagnostic validity

Answer 40

do clinicians agree with the diagnosis for an individual

Question 41

inter-rater method

Answer 41

both rate the same interview

Question 42

test-retest method

Answer 42

interview the same person

Question 43

ICD

Answer 43

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and related Health Problems (ICD). published by WHO covers ALL health conditions used to assess PREVALENCE