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Clinical Psychology > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

extraneous variables

A

effect of factors outside/not measured in the study on results

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2
Q

guess: effect of factors outside/not measured in the study on results

A

extraneous variables

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3
Q

maturation

A

changes in the participants due to their psychological or physical development that cannot be disentangled from the experimental manipulation

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4
Q

repeated testing

A

repeated testing can create familiarity and/or memory effects

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5
Q

instrumentation

A

in longitudinal studies, changes in the definition of constructs and in their measurement can make the interpretation of changes in participants responses much more difficult, if not impossible

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6
Q

statistical regression

A

extreme scores on measures, both high and low, tend to be less extreme upon retesting; changes may not be due to experimental manipulation

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7
Q

selection biases

A

impact of exclusion criteria on generalizability or assigning participants to experimental conditions may have on the outcome of the study

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8
Q

attrition

A

the loss of participants over time/ systematic differences in those that stay
vs. those who drop out from the study/ no longer a representative sample

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9
Q

sample characteristics

A

can be limited by the extent to which the particular sample
map onto other samples and populations (e.g. sociodemographic and
psychological characteristics

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10
Q

case studies are good for…

A

generating hypothesis for further research and studies

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11
Q

what is a weakness of case studies?

A

most threats to internal validity cant be addressed

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12
Q

what is the most commonly used research design in clinical psychology?

A

correlational studies

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13
Q

in correlational studies, only _____ of variables is looked at

A

association of variables

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14
Q

correlational studies are used for…

A

incidence, prevalence and distribution

ex. how common is depression?

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15
Q

Structural equation modeling (SEM) tests

A

complex hypothesis; large samples

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16
Q

One major weakness of the quasi-experimental design is that

A

there is no random assignment of participants to experimental
conditions

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17
Q

which research design uses random assignment?

A

experimental design or randomized controlled trial (RCT) uses random assignment to control and treatment condition

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18
Q

which research study is • Good against threats to internal validity; poor external validity (generalizability)

A

Experimental design or randomized controlled trial (RCT)

19
Q

Internal consistency

A

degree to which elements of a test are homogeneous

20
Q

Face validity

A

the extent to which is appears to be measuring phenomenon

21
Q

Content validity

A

fully and accurately assesses what it is meant to assess

22
Q

Criterion validity

A

ability to differentiate accurately between groups

23
Q

Concurrent validity

A

triangulation with other measures at the same time.

Do the different ways of measuring agree with each other?

24
Q

classification validity

A

does the classification scheme capture the nature of the entity?

25
Q

classification utility

A

how useful is the classification scheme?

26
Q

The classification approach that is based on the assumption that objects
differ in the extent to which they possess certain characteristics or properties
is known as the

A

dimensional approach

27
Q

Categorical approach to

classification

A

an entity is determined to either be A MEMBER of a category OR NOT

28
Q

dimensional approach to classification

A

entities differ in THE EXTENT to which they possess certain characteristics or properties

29
Q

diagnostic system

A

a classification based on rules to ORGANIZE AND UNDERSTAND diseases and disorders

30
Q

diagnosis

A

concisely describes the symptoms that comprise of an INDIVIDUALS CONDITION

31
Q

prototype model

A
  • members of one diagnostic category may differ in the degree to which they represent underlying concept underlying the category.
  • not all people receiving the same diagnosis have exactly the same set of symptoms
32
Q

the purpose of a diagnostic classification system

A
  • provide CONCISE description of an individuals condition
  • reflects the BEST CURRENT KNOWLEDGE of psychopathology
  • COMMON LANGUAGE used by trained professionals and patients
  • may contain information about ETIOLOGY, COMORBIDITY, and PROGNOSIS
  • KEY TERMS for searching for treatment
  • provide framework for REIMBURSEMENT OF COSTS of health services and ELIGIBILITY for special services
33
Q

disadvantages of a diagnostic system

A
  • patient stigmatization of the person receiving the diagnosis
  • potential for an inaccurate diagnosis resulting in HARMFUL or INAPPROPRIATE TREATMENT
  • heavily relies on the MEDICAL MODEL and DOESN’T EMPHASIZE STRENGTHS, resources, protective factors and resilience of an individual
34
Q

In 2013, the director of the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH),
announced that, due to the lack of validity data on the DSM system, the NIMH would encourage efforts to develop a new diagnostic system for mental disorders based on biological and psychological markers for these
disorders, known as the

A

Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)

35
Q

disorder

A

a disorder is a cluster of symptoms that co-occur. Statistically rare symptoms.
Harmful dysfunction to self or others: causes impairment.
Dyscontrol: involuntary or not easily controlled

36
Q

explain the process of developing mental disorders

A

1) biological vulnerability
2) exposure to stressors
3) absence of or disruption of protective factors

37
Q

the DSM-5 is _______ in diagnosis and _______ in the way its organized

A

Categorical in diagnosis; Dimensional in the way it is organized

38
Q

what type of approach does the DSM-5 use?

A

lifespan approach

39
Q

concerns about DSM-5

A
  • lack of openness: confidentiality agreement
  • over-representation of biological views
  • resignations over diagnosis of personality disorders being inconsistent with scientific literature
  • poor reliability of diagnoses
40
Q

diagnostic validity

A

do clinicians agree with the diagnosis for an individual

41
Q

inter-rater method

A

both rate the same interview

42
Q

test-retest method

A

interview the same person

43
Q

ICD

A

International Statistical Classification of
Diseases and related Health Problems (ICD).

published by WHO

covers ALL health conditions

used to assess PREVALENCE

Clinical Psychology (4 decks)

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