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Clinical Psychology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

A national survey found that 1 in _____ Canadian adolescents and adults reported that in the last year they experienced symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of a mental disorder such as substance abuse, alcohol dependence, mood disorder, or anxiety disorder.

A

1 in 10

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2
Q

A large-scale study (Mokdad, Marks, Stroup, & Gerberding, 2004) demonstrated that many of the leading causes of mortality in the United States are related to…

A

treatable or preventable factors, such as diet, exercise, tobacco use, and alcohol.

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3
Q

Evidence-based practice refers to the practitioner only offering services that:

A

are based on the synthesis of research evidence, client’s history and treatment preferences, and the clinician’s experience.

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4
Q

Over recent years, many clinical psychologists have begun to address _______ issues

A

health

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5
Q

Effectiveness studies are conducted to examine whether a particular psychological treatment works in ____-_____ situations

A

real-life situations

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6
Q

Surveys of clinical psychologists in Canada by Hunsley, Ronson and Cohen (2013) and in the USA by Norcross and Karpiak (2012) revealed that:

A

the majority of psychologists specialize in one major professional activity.

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7
Q

Arguments against psychologists’ having prescription privileges state that:

A

extending psychologists’ training to include psychopharmacology would most likely come at the expense of the quality of training in psychological issues.

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8
Q

The majority of people who receive psychotherapy attend

A

fewer than 10 sessions

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9
Q

Prevention efforts are usually based in:

A

community settings

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10
Q

Which of the following are the four ethical principles in the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists?

A

Responsibility to society, responsible caring, integrity in relationships, and respect for dignity of persons.

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11
Q

A meta-analysis by Lee, Lim, Yang, and Lee (2011) of studies of psychologists’ work-lives found that those who:

A

received constructive criticism felt a greater sense of accomplishment.

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12
Q

Research on psychologists’ coping has shown that:

A

scheduling breaks helps them deal with stress.

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13
Q

What is one feature of the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists that sets it apart from other codes of ethics for psychologists?

A

An explicit model of ethical decision-making is embedded within the Code, rather than relying upon an absolute standard.

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14
Q

cost of mental disorder in canada

A

63 billion (absenteeism, unemployment/underemployment, etc.)

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15
Q

how do clinical psychologists differ from other psychologists?

A

application of scientific knowledge to assessment, prevention, interventions. other areas like cognitive, developmental and all that have their KEY PURPOSE in shedding light on human functioning and not specifically assessing and treating dysfunction. research that is related to the development and application of services

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16
Q

______ psychologists, _____ psychologists and ______ complete their clinical training first and then have specialized training

A

health, forensic, neuropsychologists

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17
Q

counselling psychology

A

variety of training and licensure requirements. 49.4 per 100,000 in US

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18
Q

______________ usually trained in a psychology department and
____________are typically trained in education departments

A

Clinical psychologists usually trained in a psychology department and
Counselling psychologists are typically trained in education departments

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19
Q

School psychologists are trained in both

A

School psychologists are trained in both psychology and education

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20
Q

The classification approach that is based on the assumption that objects
differ in the extent to which they possess certain characteristics or properties
is known as the

A

dimensional approach

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21
Q

In 2013, the director of the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH),
announced that, due to the lack of validity data on the DSM system, the
NIMH would encourage efforts to develop a new diagnostic system for
mental disorders based on biological and psychological markers for these
disorders, known as the:

A

Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)

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22
Q

what does NICE stand for?

A

UK National Institute for Clinical Excellence is an independent
inter-disciplinary organization with a mandate to provide national
guidance on promoting good health and preventing and treating illness.

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23
Q

According to the World Health Organization (2004): 1 in ___ people seeking physical health services has a diagnosable mental,
neurological, or behavioural problem that is unlikely to be diagnosed or
treated

A

1 in 4

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24
Q

According to the World Health Organization (2004): Mental health problems are associated with _____ ______ with ________________

A

Mental health problems are associated with poor compliance with medication
for other disorders

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25
Q 
In a survey of mental health and well-being of Canadians aged 15 years
and older (Pearson, Janz, & Ali, 2013), how many people met the criteria for
a mental disorder at some point in their lives?

1 in….

A

1 in 3

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26
Q

what is mental health?

A

WHO 2007:

a state of WELL-BEING where every individuals;

  • realizes their own potential
  • has strong coping skills
  • can work productively and
  • make a contribution to their community
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27
Q

at any given time, there are ______ people in this world suffering from mental, neurological, ad behavioural problems

A

450 million

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28
Q

metal health problems increase

A

mortality

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29
Q

mental health problems cause

A

suffering
social exclusion
disability
poor quality of life

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30
Q

how many deaths per year worldwide can be attributed to mental health disorders/

A

8 million

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31
Q

how common is it for people seeking physical health services have a diagnosable mental, neurological, or behavioural problem that is unlikely to be diagnosed or treated?

A

1 in 4

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32
Q

what is MHCC?

A

Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC)

A national non-profit organization to enhance the health and wellbeing of those living with a mental disorder by promoting that they are

1) people that have a right to receive the services and supports that they need
2) people that have the right to be treated with the same dignity and respect as those struggling to recover from any kind of illness

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33
Q

what are the 6 initiatives of the MHCC?

A

1) opening minds - reduce stigma and eradicate discrimination
2) mental health first aid - train members of publicto assist a person to assist a person developing a mental health problem or experiencing a mental health crisis
3) mental health strategy for Canada - develop a national mental health strategy
4) knowledge and exchange centre - make evidence based information about mental health WIDELY AVAILABLE to both service providers and the public
5) housing first - provide housing and support services tailored to meet peoples needs
6) Peer project - enhance peer support by creating and applying national guidelines of practice

34
Q

How does mental illness impact daily functioning, the economy, and communities?

A

-1 in 3 families in the UK are affected by depression or anxiety
-Only 2% of the expenditure of the NHS was given to treating these disorders
-Lost output to the UK economy due to anxiety and depression (1% of total national income - 12 billion/year)
• At any given time, there are 450 million people in the world suffering from
mental, neurological and behavioural problems
• mental health causes suffering, social exclusion, disability, and poor quality of
life
• Mental health problems have enormous economic costs
• Mental health problems increase mortality
• Approximately 8 million deaths worldwide annually are attributed to mental
health disorders

35
Q

what is clinical psychology?

A

• Includes both scientific research focussing on the search for general principles
• AND clinical service focussing on the study and care of clients.
• Number of populations including children, adolescents, adults, elderly, families,
groups, and disadvantaged persons
• Applies psychological principles to the
– assessment,
– prevention,
– amelioration,
– and rehabilitation of psychological distress, disability, dysfunctional
behaviour, and health-risk behaviour,
– and to the enhancement of psychological and physical well-being

36
Q

part of being a definition of clinical psychology, what are the core 4 Canadian Code of Ethics rules that Psychologists MUST obey?

A

1) respect for dignity of persons
2) responsible caring
3) integrity in relationships
4) responsibility to society

37
Q

over decades, clinical psychology has EVOLVED with a shift in focus, from assessment, evaluation and diagnosis to…

A

• to numerous approaches to intervention and prevention for individuals,
couples, and families,
• and indirect services that do not involve contact with those with a mental
disorder, such as
– consultation,
– research,
– program development and evaluation,
– supervision of other mental health professionals,
– and administration of health care services

38
Q

where does evidence based practice come from?

A

research, from the patient, and the professional experiences

39
Q

why is using evidence based practice in clinical psychology important?

A

Importance of informing patients about options for assessment, prevention, or intervention services

40
Q

The evidence-based practice model requires the clinician to synthesize information drawn from….

A

-research
-systematically collected data on the patient in question
-clinicians experience
the patients preferences when considering health care options

41
Q

The evidence-based practice model requires the clinician to synthesize information drawn from….

A

-research
-systematically collected data on the patient in question
-clinicians experience
the patients preferences when considering health care options

42
Q

what are the specific arguments against EBP?

A

1) group based data can not be used in working with an individual.
2) distressed clients have problems NOW and they can’t afford to wait for research
3) Each individual’s unique life experience makes it unlikely that general psychological principles can EVER provide useful guidance in alleviating emotional distress.
4) no research concerning many human problems confronted by clinicians
5) stops psychologists gut instinct
6) newer treatments may not be allowed from not being tested yet
7) may have over-reliant on systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and EXCLUDES evidence
8) Some clinicians may feel like they should disregard their gut instinct

43
Q

over reliance on gut instincts risks making serious mistakes, therefore there must be a balance in

A

the application of scientifically based knowledge and a scientific approach to developing and testing hypotheses. Where ongoing monitoring during services allows psychologists to ADAPT services to the persons context, preferences and responses to services.

44
Q

why do we need mental health professionals in regards to peoples life style factors?

A

Life style factors associated with risk of mental health and physical health
problems

45
Q

how much does is the cost of mental disorder in Canada?

A 
63 billion dollars a year 
– Absenteeism
– Unemployment and underemployment
– Disability costs
– Health service costs
– Premature death
46
Q

how do clinical psychologists differ from other psychologists??

A

in the way that they apply scientific knowledge. In other areas of Psych, the key purpose is to shed light on human dysfunction, but doesn’t go into assessing and treating dysfunction, which is what clinical psychologists do.

They put the application of scientific knowledge to assessment, prevention, or interventions

47
Q

health psychologists, forensic psychologists and neuropsychologists complete their

A

clinical training and specialized trainings

48
Q

counselling psychologists and school psychologists provide

A

mental health services to the public

49
Q

how do counselling and clinical psychology differ?

A

BACK THEN:

1) in the severity of problems treated
2) type of settings

TODAY:
1) training. Clinical psychologists are usually trained in a PSYCHOLOGY department and counselling psychology are trained in EDUCATION departments
2) # of applicants. Clinical Psychology attracts more applicants
3) research. Due to different training settings clinical psychologists usually conduct research
on clinical disorders and counselling psychologists usually conduct research on
minority adjustment and academic or vocational issues

50
Q

which two professions have the greatest number of courses in psychology?

A

counselling and clinical psychology

51
Q

where are school psychologists trained?

A

in both psychology and education

52
Q

in US, where are school psychologists employed?

A

schools
clinics
hospitals
private practice

53
Q

in canada, where are school psychologists employed?

A

school boards

54
Q

traditionally, what did school psychologists focus on?

A
  • The learning of children and adolescents
  • Assessment of intellectual functioning
  • Evaluation of learning difficulties
  • Consultation with teachers, students and parents to optimize students’ learning potential
55
Q

clinical psychologists focus on treatment of

A

diagnosable mental disorders

56
Q

what do school psychologists also focus on, next to the traditional things they focus on?

A

• Diagnose a range of childhood and adolescent disorders
• Developed school and family-based programs to assist learning
• Leadership in developing school-based prevention programs to promote
social skills to reduce bullying, to facilitate conflict resolution, and to prevent
violence (Kratochwill, 2007)

57
Q

what are psychiatrists?

A

• Psychiatrists are physicians who specialize in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental illnesses

58
Q

what are psychiatrists trained about? ?

A
  • the body
  • health services
  • prescribing medication (4 years)
  • after, 5 years of residency training
59
Q

how do clinical psychologists and psychiatry differ?

A

psychiatrists deal with determining whether mental disorders are the result of MEDICAL PROBLEMS (physiological and biochemical). Emphasize pharmacological treatment over psychological treatments.

60
Q

what do psychiatrists have little training in that also sets them apart from clinical psychologists?

A
  • human psychological development
  • cognition
  • learning
  • psychological functioning in general
  • research skills
61
Q

what are the pros of prescriptive authority?

A 
• Brain-behaviour links
• Psychologists could be as competent as other health-care
providers
• Offer comprehensive services
• Especially helpful in remote or
underserved areas
• Fewer psychiatrists
62
Q

what are the cons of prescriptive authority?

A

• May lead to greater prescribing as it is quicker in short-term
• Psychologists should focus only on
psychological interventions
• Extend training or drop something else?
• Should not duplicate work of other professions

63
Q

If psychologists do not prescribe medication,

what should they know about it?

A

-classes of drugs for different problems
-efficacy of drugs and of drugs in combo with psychological treatment
-side-effects
-how they are usually
-side-effects
-how they are usually taken (e.g. morning or evening). physician should advise, but one can suggest they could discuss it with the physician
• If there are side effects from sudden withdrawal (e.g. many
antidepressants)

64
Q

Clinical social work

A

• Improve the health and well-being of individuals, families, groups and communities
• Work includes policy development, program planning, program
management, research consultation, case management, discharge
planning, counselling therapy, and advocacy

65
Q

where are clinical social work employed?

A
  • hospitals
  • community mental health centres
  • mental health clinics
  • schools
  • advocacy organizations
  • government departments
  • social services agencies
  • child welfare settings
  • family service agencies
  • correctional facilities
  • social housing organizations
  • family courts
  • employee assistance programs
  • school boards
  • private counselling
66
Q

mental health counsellor

A

• In order to meet the demand of mental health services and reduce the cost
• College diploma or certificate based on a structured training program
(often less than 2 years duration)
• Focused on the assessment and treatment of a specific mental health problem (e.g. bereavement, addiction, trauma) or one type of therapy (e.g. applied behavioural analysis, for autism)

67
Q

how many psychologists in Canada?

A

17,000

68
Q

how many psychiatrists in Canada?

A

4770

69
Q

how many psychiatric nurses in Canada?

A

5300

70
Q

how many clinical social workers in Canada?

A

44,000

71
Q

what is the primary goal with assessment?

A

to understand a persons current level of psychosocial functioning.

72
Q

what is the task that takes up the most of professional time?

A

intervention at over 40% of professional time.

73
Q

‘Eclectic’ or ‘integrative’ means

A

blending concepts or strategies from two or

more approaches

74
Q

what is it called when psychologists are traumatized by their work?

A
  • vicarious traumatization
  • burnout
  • compassion fatigue
  • secondary traumatic stress
75
Q

what does research say about professionals distress levels with trauma work?

A

A meta-analysis of 38 studies found SMALL effect sizes for volume of
trauma work, the frequency of dealing with trauma issues, the
percentage of trauma survivors on the caseload, and the professionals
own trauma history. They found protective effects of work support and social support

76
Q

what are organizational consultations?

A

• Related to developing a prevention or intervention program
• Evaluating how well an organization is providing a health care or
related service
• Providing an opinion of policies of an organization

77
Q

Consultancy to organisations general falls into one of 4 categories:

A
  1. Needs assessment
  2. Program development
  3. Program evaluation
  4. Policy consultation
78
Q

where do clinical psychologists work?

A
  • Hospitals
  • Community clinics
  • Residential clinics
  • Child protection agencies
  • Prisons
  • Family practice
  • Private mental health practice
  • Universities
79
Q

2 pillars of clinical psychology

A

science and ethics

80
Q

4 ethical principles for psychologists

A
  1. Respect the dignity of persons
  2. Responsible caring
  3. Integrity in relationships
  4. Responsible to society

Clinical Psychology (4 decks)

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