week 2 Flashcards by Emily Mentiplay

acquired brain injury

permanent change in brain structure and function the is caused primarily by sources such as diffuse axonal injury or laceration; or a secondary source such as haemorrhage or infection. Damage may be focal or diffuse

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causes of acquired brain injury

Traumatic causes such as mechanical crush, hit/blow, shaken as a baby (most common form)
Non traumatic causes: stroke, brain tumours, hydrocephalus, epilepsy, hypoxia due to events such as near drowning, infection, severe asthma and drug abuse.

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effects ABI has

early day of coma/ post traumatic amnesia
Person may have other medical complications resulting from the accident that delay rehab eg pneumonia
Must understand family/social situation
May result in diverse movement challenges
May cause disorders of perception, cognition, vision, sensation, motor control and equilibrium

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what is motor control

is the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

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whats cortical damage areas equal

tonal changes

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damage to subcritical areas equal

affect quality of movement

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secondary problems of ABI

inability to perform tasks
Lack of exercise
Immobility
Pain
Illness
Depression
Social isolation

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cerebellar lesions leads to

Axil: wide based gate, poorly controlled movement, intention tremor
Hypotonia: low tone
Dysmetria: target accuracy
Disdiadokokinesia: poorly coordinated rapid alternating movement
Disequibrium: reduced balanc

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basil ganglia sessions lead to

Akinesia: difficulty initiating voluntary movment
Bradykinesia: slowness in carrying out movements
Resting tremor
Dystonia including fidgety
Choreiform movement
Ballistic movement: sudden or violent movement

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what is spasticity

an abnormal increase in muscle tone or stiffness of muscle, which might interfere with movement, speech, or be associated with discomfort or pain

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whats contracture

a type of spasticity

shortening of soft tissues that result in reduced joint range of motion due to impairments eg weakness or spasticity.

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whats muscle tone

the resistance of a muscle to passive elongation or stretching

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whats hypertonia

an abnoramally high level of muscle tone or tension

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whats hypertonicity

increases tone which is more than normal resistance of muscle to passive elongation increased resistance against passive stretch.

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classifying CNS symptoms

Positive symptoms: (too much of something)
abnormal reflexes
Spasticity (increasing muscle strength improves)
Hyperactive stretch reflectors
Negative symptoms (loss of normal behaviours
Weakness
Abnormal coordination

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Specific assessments for ABI

modified ash worth scale

Tarduie scale

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management of spasticity

-Botulinum Toxin A in addition to rehabilitation therapy may be used to reduce spasticity, but is unlikely to improve activity or motor function.
electrical stimulation, casting and taping, may be used.
**DO NOT RECOMEND TO STRETCH

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management of contracture

active motor training or electrical stimulation to elicit muscle activity should be provided.
** routine use of splints or prolonged positioning of upper or lower limb muscles in a lengthened position (stretch) is NOT recommended.

whats TBI

traumatic brain injury, traumatically induced structural injury and or psychological disruption of brain function as a result of an extrenal force.

whats Glascow Coma scale

most common system used to decreed level of consciousness in a person following TBI
Used to help gauge the severity of an acute brain injury
Test is simple, reliable and correlates well wth outcome following severe brain injury

how to interpret Glasco scores

Severe: GCS 8 or less
Moderate: GCS 9-12
mild: GCS 13-15

post traumatic assessment scale

rates Post traumatic amneisa inclues symtpoms:disorientation and confusion about location, time and identity of others
 Highly distractactable and disinhibited
 Difficulty with thinking, memory and concentration
 Anxiety, agitation and rapid changes in mood.

how to interpret PTA scale

PTA less than 5 minutes = “very mild injury” PTA between 5-60 minutes = “mild injury” PTA between 1-24 hours = “moderate injury” PTA between 1-7 days = “severe injury” PTA greater than 7 days = “very severe injury

whats post traumatic amnesia

inability to remember day to day events after brain injury including those immediately before the injury and events that ooccur after the injury.

problems with speech for ABI

nability to remember day to day events after brain injury including those immediately before the injury and events that ooccur after the injury.

executive functioning problems

``` : problems with: Paying attention Organizing, planning and prioritizing Starting tasks and staying focused on them to completion Understanding different points of view Regulating emotions Self-monitoring (keeping track of what you’re doing) ```

signs and symptoms of epilepsy

``` Temporary confusion. A staring spell. Uncontrollable jerking movements of the arms and legs. Loss of consciousness or awareness. Psychic symptoms such as fear, anxiety ```

medication for epilepsy

Treatment is usually with antiepileptic drugs also referred to as AEDs. Many epilepsy syndromes respond well to a specific drug or to a combination of drugs. Drugs do not cure epilepsy but most seizures can be prevented by taking medication regularly one or more times a day

functions of the frontal lobe

understanding and reacting to others feelings, forming personality, managing attention, problem solving, judgment, memory, motor control

brain injury to fontal lobe

change in social behaviour, change in personality, increased irritability, which may include a change in mood and an inability to regulate behaviour.

functions of temporal lobe

auditory processing, production of speech

damage to temporal lobe

unable to produce speech (brocas) , unable to understand speech (wernickies)

whats post traumatic amniesia

the period of time which a person is disoriented or confused and unable to recall new information following a head injury

whats the Westmead post traumatic amnesia scale

analysis when a patient is out of post traumatic amnesia | patient needs to answer 3 days of 12/12 to be out of post traumatic amnesia

whats the Glasgow coma scale

most common scoring system used to descibe the level of consciousness in a person following a traumatic brain injury

on the Glasgow coma scale what does the score E4V5M6 = 15 mean

eye open 4 verbal response 5 motor response 6 = GCS 15

whats the modified ash worth scale

tests for spasticity (not very well)

whats the tardier scale

more useful for spastiicity demonstrates the catch

how to perform modified ashworth scale

Test for spasticity | Place joint in a max flexed position and then move to a maximal extended position over one second

how to perform tarduie scale

Test for spasticity First as slow as possible move to max extension Then speed of limb falling under gravity Then as fast as possible

why does a person have difficulty finding words

- damage to wernicke's area which is located on the left side of the temporal lobe; important for language development and comprehension of speech - damage to the medial regions of the frontal lobe, resulting in slowness of processing.

name three assessments that could be used to assess social networks and community participation

o Community integration questionnaire (Libby calloway o Care and needs scale CANS o Lubben social network scale

whats the Oxford scale classifying muscle strength

```  5 = withstand max resistance  4 = withstand moderate resistance  3 = full ROM against gravity  2 = full ROM in gravity eliminated plane  1 = can feel tension in palpation  0 = no tension felt in palpation ```