Week 2 Flashcards

Question

Myelencephalon

Answer 1

Medulla Caudal brainstem – blends into spinal cord Primarily axonal tracts Pyramidal tracts – ‘decussation of the pyramids’ Head and neck movement Vital functions Portion of reticular formation (net-like formation) - arousal.

Answer 2

``` Midbrain -tectum and tegmentum Tectum superior and inferior colliculi Visual and auditory orienting of attention Multisensory integration ``` Tegmentum Portion ventral to tectum Periaqueductal grey matter Substantia nigra

Answer 3

``` Loss of dopamine neurons in SN Project to basal ganglia Important for movement control Tremor or shaking Muscle rigidity or stiffness Slowing of movement Stooped posture Balance problems. ```

Answer 4

Forebrain 2 major parts Thalamus Hypothalamus 2 major endocrine glands Pituitary gland Pineal gland

Answer 5

Relay station – all sensory except smell relays through thalamus Also receives many cortical projections Integration of bottom-up inputs and top-down Many separate nuclei Lateral Geniculate Nucleus first synapse after the optic nerve leaves the eye Medial Geniculate Nucleus Auditory relay Ventro Posterior Nucleus Sensorimotor relay

Answer 6

Ventral part of diencephalon Control centre for autonomic nervous system Inputs from many brain and body systems Outputs to brainstem (ANS) and pituitary gland (endocrine) Homeostasis Regulation of motivated behaviours – eating, sleeping, sexual

Answer 7

Forebrain Collection of subcortical nuclei Cerebral cortex

Answer 8

Control of movement Learning and motivation Striatum – caudate + putamen

Answer 9

Midline structures circling the thalamus Regulation of motivated behaviours - The Four Fs Affect/emotion Amygdala – learned fear response; recognition of emotion in others Hippocampus – long term memory

Answer 10

Layer of grey matter covering the cerebral hemispheres Folded – Gyri (ridges) and Sulci (fissures) 2 Hemispheres connected by corpus collosum 4 lobes Many regions or areas based on location (e.g. PFC), function (e.g. FEF), or cytoarchitecture (e.g. Brodmann areas) 28 billion neurons >1 trillion synapses >80% human brain mass

Answer 11

Frontal Lobe Thinking, planning, executive functions, motor execution Parietal Lobe Somatosensory perception, spatial perception Temporal Lobe Auditory, language, long term memory, emotion Occipital Lobe Visual

Answer 12

Pyramidal Most common cortical neuron Large bodies, multipolar, long axon goes down and inward through layers Projection neurons – connect disparate brain regions or leave the brain (to spinal cord) Stellate small, star-shaped short axons; transmit info laterally Local – interneurons

Answer 13

Most cortex neocortex – new 6 layered outer covering of the cerebral hemisphere Each layer differs in the relative concentration of stellate and pyramidal cells, in the relative size and concentration of cell bodies Layer I - axons and dendrites, few cell bodies Layer II - densely packed stellate cells , a few pyramidal cells Layer III - Loosely packed stellate cells; intermediate sized pyramidal cells Layer IV is thick in sensory areas – Input Layer V – mainly pyramidal cells with long axons - in motor areas - output Layer VI - pyramidal cells of various sizes; loosely packed stellate cells

Answer 14

``` Physical protection from mechanical injury Skull 3 Meninges (Dura Mater, Pia Mater, Arachnoid) – membranous coverings around the brain and spinal cord Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) – supports and cushions ``` Chemical protection – maintaining chemical balance The blood-brain barrier Tightly packed cells along the blood vessel walls of the CNS prevent entry of many (large) molecules. Good and bad (eg L-Dopa)

Answer 15

``` Scalp Skull Dura Mater Arachnoid membrane Sinus Arachnoid membrane Sub-arachnoid space Artery Pia mater maninx Cortex ```

Answer 16

``` Lateral Third Cerebral aqueduct Fourth Central canal ```

Answer 17

Produced by choroid plexuses in ventricles Circulates subarachnoid space, ventricles and central canal Excess drains into sinuses in the dura mater If drainage is blocked - hydrocephalus

Answer 18

Antecedent: usually sever epilepsy Procedure: callosotomy, anterior commissurotomy Consequence: reduction of seizures Behavioural consequence: very little Experimental consequence: sensory information presented to one hemisphere is not available to guide behaviour in the other hemisphere

Answer 19

Visual information – left visual field to right hemisphere and right visual field to left hemisphere Intact brain – information can cross between hemispheres via the corpus callosum Callosotomy – lose communication Left hemisphere ignorant of left visual field Right hemisphere ignorant of right visual field Left hemisphere ignorant of left visual field Right hemisphere ignorant of right visual field But – speech typically in left hemisphere

Answer 20

confabulation- subconsciously make reasons for what they say or do