Week 2 Flashcards
Protection of participants in a study such that even the researcher can- not link individuals with the information provided.
Anonymity
A fundamental ethical principle that seeks to prevent harm and exploitation of, and maximize benefits for, study participants.
Beneficiance
A written agreement signed by a study participant and a researcher concerning the terms and conditions of voluntary participation in a study.
consent form
In a qualitative study, an ongoing, transactional process of negotiating consent with study participants, allowing them to play a collaborative role in the decision making regarding their continued participation
process consent
Protection of participants in a study such that individual identities are not linked to information provided and are never publicly divulged.
confidentiality
The relative costs and benefits, to an individual subject and to society at large, of participation in a study; also, the relative costs and benefits of implementing an innovation.
risk/benefit assessment
A group established within Canadian universities, hospitals, and other institutions where research is conducted to ensure that ethical principles are applied to research involving human subjects
Research Ethics Board (REB)
was adopted in 1964 by the World Medical Assembly and most recently revised in 2000; is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed for the medical community
Declaration of Helsinki
Ex. Children, mentally or emotionally disabled people, and others who are unable to understand information or appreciate the consequences of participation.
vulnerable person
The communication of complete information to potential study participants about the nature of the study, the right to refuse participation, and the likely risks and benefits that would be incurred.
full disclosure
means that prospective participants have the right to decide voluntarily whether to participate in a study, without the risk of incurring adverse consequences. Also means that participants have the right to ask questions, to refuse to give information, and to withdraw from the study.
self-determination
Consent to participate in a study that a researcher assumes has been given based on certain actions of the participant (such as returning a completed questionnaire).
implied consent
An ethical principle that requires researchers to obtain the voluntary participation of subjects, after informing them of possible risks and benefits.
informed consent
is a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation developed in 1949 after the Nazi atrocities were made public
Nuremberg code
guidelines used to protect human subjects in all types of research. Articulates 8 guiding ethical principles on which standards of ethical conduct in research are based.
Tri-Council Policy
includes the principles of beneficence, respect for human dignity and justice.
Belmont Report
Special groups of people whose rights in research studies need special protection because of their inability to provide meaningful informed consent or because their circumstances place them at higher-than-average risk of adverse effects
vulnerable group
The fundamental ethical principles established by a discipline or institution to guide researchers’ conduct in research with human (or animal) subjects.
code of ethics
The degree to which it can be inferred that the experimental treatment (or independent variable), rather than extraneous factors, is responsible for observed effects.
internal validity
The degree to which study results can be generalized to settings or samples other than the one studied.
external validity
A nonexperimental research design involving the comparison of a “case” (i.e., a person with the condition under scrutiny, such as lung cancer) and a matched control (a similar person without the condition).
case control design
A kind of trend study that focuses on a specific subpopulation (which is often an age-related subgroup) from which different samples are selected at different points in time (e.g., the cohort of nursing students who graduated between 2005 and 2009).
cohort design
A study design in which data are collected at one point in time; sometimes used to infer change over time when data are collected from different age or developmental groups
cross sectional design
The degree to which an instrument measures the construct under investigation.
construct validity
The degree to which the items in an instrument adequately represent the universe of content for the concept being measured.
content validity
The degree to which scores on an instrument are correlated with some external criterion.
criterion validity
The extent to which a measuring instrument looks as though it is measuring what it purports to measure
face validity
A study involving an intervention in which subjects are not randomly assigned to treatment conditions, but the researcher exercises certain controls to enhance the study’s internal validity.
quasi-experiment
Assessment of the stability of an instrument by correlating the scores obtained on repeated administrations.
test-retest
The degree to which two raters or observers, operating independently, assign the same ratings or values for an attribute being measured or observed.
inter-rate reliability
The degree to which the subparts of an instrument are all measuring the same attribute or dimension, as a measure of the instrument’s reliability.
internal consistency
Subjects in an experiment who do not receive the experimental treatment and whose performance provides a baseline against which the effects of the treatment can be measured
control (comparison) group
the group that receives an experimental treatment or manipulation
intervention group
Research that explores the interrelationships among variables of interest without any active intervention by the researcher.
correlational study
A study designed to collect data at more than one point in time, in contrast to a cross-sectional study.
longitudinal study
A full experimental test of a new treatment, involving random assignment to treatment groups and, typically, a large and diverse sample
RCT
A system of classifying measurements according to the nature of the quantitative information and the type of mathematical operations to which they are amenable; the four levels are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
levels of measurement
The process of selecting a portion of the population to represent the entire population.
sampling
A study design that begins with the manifestation of the dependent variable in the present (e.g., lung cancer) and then searches for the presumed cause occurring in the past (e.g., cigarette smoking)
retrospective design
A study design that begins with an examination of presumed causes (e.g., cigarette smoking) and then goes forward in time to observe presumed effects (e.g., lung cancer).
prospective
A composite measure of attitudes involving the summation of scores on a set of items that are rated by respondents for their degree of agreement or disagreement.
likert rating scale
A small-scale version, or trial run, done in preparation for a major study.
pilot testing
The effect on the dependent variable resulting from subjects’ awareness that they are participants under study.
Hawthorne effect
A question in an interview or questionnaire that does not restrict respondents’ answers to preestablished alternatives.
open-ended questions
A question that offers respondents a set of mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive alternative response options, from which the one most closely approximating the “right” answer must be chosen.
closed-ended questions
A method of gathering self- report information from respondents through self-administration of questions in a paper-and-pencil or computerized format.
questionnaire
