Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe columnar epithelial cells:

A

Taller than wide

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2
Q

What do cilia do?

A

Move material across the surface

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3
Q

What are stereocilia?

A

Elongated microvilli use for sensation and absorption

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4
Q

Describe apocrine gland:

A

Secretion accumulate at secreting margins of the cell and the whole margin pinch off and then breaks down.

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5
Q

What are the two components of the nervous system?

A

1) Central Nervous System

2) Peripheral Nervous System

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6
Q

What are graded potentials?

A

Change in membrane potential confined to a small region.

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7
Q

Describe microvilli:

A

Increase surface for absorption and secretion

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8
Q

Describe afferent neurons:

A

Convery information from tissues and organs to the central nervous system

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9
Q

What are the function of connective tissue:

A

1) Binds together, support and strengthen other tissues
2) Protect and insulate internal organs
3) Compartmentalize structures
4) Transport substances
5) Stores energy
6) Main source of immune responses.

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10
Q

How do astrocytes form the brain-blood barrier?

A

By stimulating the formation of tight junctions between the cells that form the capillaries in the CNS.

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11
Q

What are the similarities between K+ and Na+ ion channels?

A

1) Both have sequences of charged amino acid that change shape in response to a change in the membrane potential
2) Both stay close at negative membrane potential

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12
Q

What are the three types of tissue repair?

A

1) Labile
2) Stable
3) Permanent

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13
Q

What is an equilibrium potential?

A

The electrical potential necessary to balance a given ionic concentration gradient across a membrane so that the net flux is zero.

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14
Q

What are the three different types of epithelium according to the number of layers?

A

1) Simple
2) Pseudostratified
3) Stratified

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15
Q

How do astrocytes sustain neurons metabolically?

A

By providing glucose and removing ammonia

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16
Q

Describe merocrine gland:

A

Released via exocytosis from vesicles.

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17
Q

What is summation?

A

If additional stimuli occur before the graded potential has died away, this can be added to the first.

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18
Q

What are the two majors layes of the skin:

A

The epidermis and the dermis

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19
Q

Describe transitional epithelium:

A

The apical cell layers change shape depending upon distention of the organ

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20
Q

Describe the serous tissue membrane:

A

Simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium, basement membrane and a thin layer of connective tissue. Line cavities not open to the exterior.

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21
Q

Describe oligodendrocytes:

A

Forms myelin sheats of the CNS neurons.

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22
Q

Describe cuboidal epithelial cells:

A

About equal in height and width

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23
Q

Describe the main features of cardiac muscle tissue:

A

Forms the wall of the heart
Cardiomyocites are striated and branching and connected together by a intercalated disc.
Almost completely under involontary control

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24
Q

What are collaterals?

A

Branched of the axon

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25
Q

What are the 3 components of the neuron?

A

1) Cell body (soma)
2) Dendrites
3) Axon

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26
Q

What is a membrane potential?

A

A separation of electrical charges that exists across plasma membranes

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27
Q

What are the two factors that influence neuronal electrical property?

A

1) concentration gradient of different ions

2) Permeability of the membrane to those ions

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28
Q

How are exocrine glands classified according to their structure?

A

Unicellular (goblet cells)

Multicellular

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29
Q

What are the two differences between K+ and Na+ ion chanels?

A
  • Voltage-gate Na+ channel respond faster to change

- Voltage gated Na+ channel has an activation gate.

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30
Q

What are the three different types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue
Smooth muscle tissue

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31
Q

Describe permanent tissue repair:

A

If killed, replaced by a different type of cell. Limited regenerative activity.

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32
Q

What is an intercalated disc?

A

A large cluster of gap junctions.

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33
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

1) Protecting underlying structure
2) Acting as a barrier
3) Permitting the passage of substances
4) Secreting substances
5) Absorbing substance

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34
Q

Describe the axon:

A

A long process that extends from the cell body and carries outgoing signals to target cell.

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35
Q

Describe the movement of kinesin:

A

It moves from the cell body to the axon terminal (anterograde)

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36
Q

What are the 5 epithelial layers in the epidermis (from bottom to top)

A

1) Stratum basale
2) Stratum spinosum
3) Stratum granulosum
4) Stratum lucidum
5) Stratum corneum

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37
Q

Describe interneurons:

A

Connect neurons within the Central Nervous System

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38
Q

Describe efferent neurons:

A

Convey information away from the central nervou system to effectors.

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39
Q

Describe endocrine glands:

A

They are in no open contact with the exterior, they have no duct and produce hormones.

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40
Q

Describe Langerhans cells:

A

Phagocytic dendritic cells involved in immune response

41
Q

Describe simple (unilaminar) epithelium:

A

One layer of cell

42
Q

What are the 3 functions of basement membranes?

A

1) Attachment to connective tissue
2) Guides cell migration during tissue repair.
3) Acts as a filter in the nephron of the kidney.

43
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system made of?

A

Consists of nerves that connect the brain and the spinal cord to body muscles, glands, sense organs and tissue.

44
Q

What are the two types of glands formed by epithelium:

A

1) Endocrine

2) Exocrine

45
Q

What are the 4 different types of free surfaces of epithelium:

A

Smooth
Microvilli
Cilia
Folds

46
Q

Describe the main featurs of smooth muscle tissue:

A

Located on the walls of hollow internal organs
Constist of nonstriated cells with a central nucleus
Under involuntary control

47
Q

What does the inactivation gate do?

A

Limit the flux of Na+ by blockin the channel shortly after depolarization opened it.

48
Q

Describe the synovial tissue membrane:

A

Line freely movable joints and secrete a lot of hyaluronic acid.

49
Q

Describe stratum corneum:

A

Dead cells have a hard protein envelope. Many sublayers of dead keratinocytes (also called corneocytes)

50
Q

What are the 4 type of tissue:

A

1) Epithelial tissue
2) Connective tissue
3) Muscle tissue
4) Nervous tissue

51
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

1) Regulation of body temperature
2) Blood reservoir
3) Protection
4) Cutaneous sensations
5) Excretion and absorption
6) Synthesis of vitamin D

52
Q

Describe Nerve tissue:

A

Major integrating and regulating tissue that detect changes in condition and initiates and trasmit nerve signals.

53
Q

What are the three different types of multicellular exocrine gland according to their functional classification?

A

1) Merocrine
2) Apocrine
3) Holocrine

54
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

Region of the axon that arises from the soma where electrical signals are generated.

55
Q

What is the Node of Ranvier?

A

The space between adjacent myelin sheats where the axon’s membrane is exposed.

56
Q

What are the three functional classes of neurons:

A

1) Afferent neurons
2) Efferent neurons
3) Interneurons

57
Q

What do glial cells do?

A

Surround the axon and dendrites of neurons and provide them with physical and metabolic support

58
Q

Why is the membrane polarized?

A

Because inside and outside have different charges

59
Q

Describe dendrites:

A

A series of highly branched outgrowths of the cell that receive incoming information from other neurons.

60
Q

Describe keratinocytes:

A

Produce keratin (a fibrous protein that provides protection)

61
Q

The extracellular matrix is composed of:

A

1) a ground substances

2) Fibers: gives support and flexibility to the matrix.

62
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A groups of afferent and effernt neuron axons together with myelin, connective tissue and blood vessels.

63
Q

Describe pseudostratified epithelium:

A

Tissue appears to be stratified but all cells contain basement membrane so it’s in fact simple

64
Q

Describe the epidermis:

A

Outer thinner layer that consists of epithelial tissue.

65
Q

Describe holocrine glands:

A

An entire mature cell dies and breaks down with the released cell content being the secretion.

66
Q

What is the function of the axon terminal:

A

To release neurotransmitter in the synapse

67
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Anatomically specialized junctions between neurons.

68
Q

What are the 4 different cell types of the epidermis:

A

1) Keratinocytes
2) Melanocytes
3) Langerhans cells
4) Several types of sensory cells.

69
Q

Describe the movement of dynein:

A

It moves from the axon terminal to the cell body (retrograde)

70
Q

What is tissue repair?

A

Substitution of dead/damaged cells with viable and functional cells

71
Q

Describe glandular epithelium:

A

Epithelium with supporting network of connective tissue

72
Q

What is excitability?

A

The ability of the cell to produce electrical signals that can trasmit information between different regions of the membrane.

73
Q

What is plasticity?

A

The potential for remodelling in response to stimulation or injury

74
Q

Describe muscle tissue:

A

Consists of cells called myofibers specialized to contract and therefore provide motion, maintain posture, generate heat.

75
Q

What does the growth cone do?

A

Forms the tip of each extending axon and it’s involved in finding the correct root and final target for the process.

76
Q

What are basement membranes?

A

Located extracellulary formed by secretion of both epithelial and connective tissue

77
Q

Describe stratified (multilaminar) epithelium:

A

More than one layer

78
Q

Describe cell body:

A

contains nucelus and most organelles

79
Q

Describe the main features of skeletal muscle tissue:

A

It is attached to bone
Consist of cylindrical striate cells
Multinucleate
Under voluntary control

80
Q

Describe labile tissue repair:

A

Capable of mitosi through life

81
Q

Describe mucous tissue membrane:

A

Line cavities that opens outside the body and secrete mucus.

82
Q

What are the 3 types of tissue membrane?

A

1) Mucous
2) Serous
3) Synovial

83
Q

Describe the dermis:

A

Inner, thicker layer that is composed of many tissue type (mostly connective)

84
Q

What are the two components of the axon of the afferent neurons?

A

Central process and peripheral process.

85
Q

Describe melanocytes:

A

Produce the pigment melanin that protect from UV light.

86
Q

Describe stable tissue repair:

A

No mitosis after growth ends but can divide after injury.

87
Q

What are microglia?

A

Specialized macrophage like cells that perform immune function in the CNS. They also remodel syanpse and plasticity.

88
Q

How are multicellular exocrine glands classified according to the type of structure?

A

They can be either simple (ducts with few branches) or compound (ducts with many branches).

89
Q

Describe epithelial tissue:

A

Covers body surfaces and lines most organs and body cavities

90
Q

What is axonal transport?

A

The movement of organelles along the axon. Depends on scaffolding of microtubules and motor proteins kinesin and dynein.

91
Q

Describe exocrine glands:

A

They are in open contact with the exterior and have ducts.

92
Q

What is integument?

A

The organs of integumentary system include the skins and its accessory structures

93
Q

What are the three different types of epithelial cell?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

94
Q

What does the concentraion gradient depend on?

A

1) The Na/K pump estabilishes the concentration gradient
2) Greater net movement of K than N through leak channels.
3) At a negative resting potential, ion fluxes through channels and pumps balance each other.

95
Q

What is the skin?

A

The skin covers the body and it’s the largest organ in the body by surface area and weight

96
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Line the fluid cavities of the CNS and regulate the prodction and flow of cerebrospinal fluid.

97
Q

Describe squamous epithelial cells:

A

Flat, scale like cells

98
Q

Describe astrocyte:

A

Regulate the composition of extracellular fluid by removing potassium and neurotransmitters