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Physiology > Lab > Flashcards

Lab Flashcards

1
Q

What does a high pH

A

Kidney failure,
Medication
Vomiting
Urinary Tract Infection

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2
Q

What does a smoky-red color of urine indicates?

A

It indicates the presence of red blood cells.

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3
Q

Where are AV valves best heard?

A

Best heard in the 5th intercostal space

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4
Q

How does the blood get transported through the heart?

A

Along pressure gradient, from high pressure gradient to low pressure gradient.

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5
Q

What is the S1 sound?

A

The sound that occurs during the early phase of ventricular contraction produced by closing of the atrioventricular valves

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6
Q

What is the septum:

A

Is the site of tissue bundles responsible for carrying the depolarization of the hear to the muscle fibers in the apex of the heart.

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7
Q

Where are semilunar valves best heard?

A

in the 2nd intercostal spaces on each side of the sternum

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8
Q

Where does filtration occurs?

A

In the kidney corpuscle, occurs when blood is transported in the glomerular capillaries.

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9
Q

Why does systolic pressure increases more than dyastolic during exercise?

A

Due to rapid left ventricular contraction.

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10
Q

What happens if the intrapulmonary pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure?

A

Air flows in the lungs

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11
Q

What does a low pH indicates?

A

Diabetes
Diarrhea
Starvation

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12
Q

What does a fruity odor of urine indicates?

A

The presence of ketones that results from diabetes, starvation or alcohol intoxication

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13
Q

Describe expiration:

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals relax and elastic recoil from elastic tissue of the lungs and chest cavity wall (generally passive process)

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14
Q

What is a cardiac cycle?

A

Refers to the events that occur during one heart beat

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15
Q

Describe the YMCA Cycle Ergometer Test:

A

Uses 3 or more consecutive 3 minute workloads designed to raise HR to between 110 and 85% of the age-predicted HR max for two consecutive workloads.

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16
Q

Describe spirometry:

A

Requires participant to take the deepest breath
they can, and forcefully expire all air from their
lungs

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17
Q

Describe aVR_

A

The positive electrode is on the right arm and the left arm and left leg electrodes form the negative electrode.

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18
Q

What are other factors that affect alveolar gas exchange?

A

Total number of alveoli
Thickness of respiratory membrane
Solubility coefficient of the particular gasses

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19
Q

What does a pale, dilute urine indicates?

A

Drinking of large volumes of liquid

Diabetes

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20
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve module?

A

The additional air that is possible to breath after normal inspiration, a measure of lung compliance.

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21
Q

What do bipolar leads measure?

A

The potential difference between positive recording electrode and a negative recording electrode

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22
Q

Describe inspiration:

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals

contract (it is an active process) resulting in increased thoracic volume, decreased intrapulmonary pressure.

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23
Q

What does the blood gas analyzer measures ?

A

Oxygen concentration, carbon dioxide, bicarbonate

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24
Q

What is respiration?

A

movement of both oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between atmosphere and the body tissues.

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25
Q

Describe aVL:

A

The positive electrode is on the left arm and the electrode on the right arm and the left foot are the negative electrodes.

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26
Q

What is reabsporption?

A

The movement of substances back into blood.

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27
Q

What is the average pH of urine?

A

6.0 but can range from 4.6 to 8.0

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28
Q

What is Functional Residual Capacity?

A

ERV+RV: Amount of air normally left in the lungs

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29
Q

What is Vital Capacity?

A

TV+IRV+ERV: total strength of respiration.

30
Q

What are the three events or waveforms?

A

1) Atrial depolarization which produces P wave
2) Atrial repolarization and the ventricular depolarization that produce the QRS complex
3) Ventricular repolarization

31
Q

What is alveolar gas exchange?

A

Process by which oxygen is exchanged between air in the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

32
Q

What is kidney main function in the body?

A

To produce urine and filtrate blood.

33
Q

What are the four major processes in respiration?

A

Pulmonary ventilation
Alveolar gas exchange
Gas transport
Systemic gas exchange

34
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Amount of air that remains in the lung after a forced expiration.

35
Q

What is End Diastolic Volume:

A

blood remaining in the ventricles at the end of

filling

36
Q

What are examples of VO2max

A

maximal oxygen consumption, maximal
oxygen uptake, peak oxygen uptake, or
maximal aerobic capacity.

37
Q

How does blood pH influence hemoglobin affinity?

A

If pH is lower than 7.4 than hemoglobin has difficulty binding to oyxgen.

38
Q

What is the S2 sound?

A

Occurs when ventricle relax and is produced by the closing of the semilunar valves.

39
Q

What are the three manin processes performed by the nephron?

A

1) Filtration
2) Reabsorption
3) Secretion

40
Q

What is the role of the respiration center in the medulla?

A

Insures that gaseous exhange at the lung matches the requirements of the body.

41
Q

Describe aVF:

A

The positive electrode is on the left leg and the right and left arm electrodes are form a composite negative electrode.

42
Q

What does specific gravity measures?

A

The concentration of urine ranging from 1.0006 to 1.035.

43
Q

What is secretion?

A

Transport of the substances from the blood into the filtrate.

44
Q

What are the trhee phases of Cardiac Action Potential

A

1) Depolarization
2) Plateu depolarization
3) Repolarization

45
Q

What is gas transport?

A

Process of moving the gasses through the cardiovascular system.

46
Q

What is Stroke volume (SV):

A

volume of blood ejected with each beat; represented by EDV - ESV

47
Q

What are three reasons why arterial PO2 remains constant during exercise

A
  • Increased alveolar ventilation
  • Increased pulmonary blood flow
  • Oxygen diffusion capacity.
48
Q

What is the general duration of a cardiac cycle?

A

0.7-0.8 which correspond to 75-85 bpm.

49
Q

Why does HR rate increase?

A

Because of a reduction of parasympathetic activity to sinoatrial node and increase in sympathetic.

50
Q

What is End systolic volume (ESV):

A

Volume of blood remaining in ventricles after

contraction

51
Q

What is arterial pressure?

A

The product of Cardiac Output and Peripheral Resistance

52
Q

What is auscultation?

A

The technique of listening to heart and vessels sounds.

53
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

The amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during any one breathing cycle.

54
Q

What does dark, concentrated urine indicates?

A

Dehydration

Fever

55
Q

What is a filtrate?

A

A fluid entering the surrounding capsular space

56
Q

What does a high specific gravity causes?

A

Precipitation of solutes and formation of kidney stones.

57
Q

What cause the QRS complex?

A

The return of the muscle fibers to their resting membrane potential. Summation of action potential in the muscle fibers in the ventricles.

58
Q

What does happen when Ventricular pressures that exceed atrial
pressure?

A

AV valves closes. Also opens cusps aortic/pulmonary
valve when pressure builds past a
threshold. Ventricle contraction pushes blood
to pulmonary or systemic circuits

59
Q

How are positions or combinations of positions to record ECG?

A

Leads or views.

60
Q

Where does exchange of O2 and CO2 at the lungs takes place?

A

At the pulmonary capillaries.

61
Q

When is VO2max reached?

A

when steady state of
oxygen consumption is observed, even
with increasing workload

62
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Process where air moves between the atmosphere an alveoli

63
Q

What is Cardiac Output:

A

is the stroke volume multiplied by heart rate.

64
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

TV+IRV: Maximal capacity to inspire

65
Q

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume?

A

The amount of air expelled from the lungs during a forced expiration, a measure of lung and chest wall elasticity.

66
Q

What does happen when atrial pressure exceeding ventricular pressure?

A

AV valve opens, allowing blood to fill ventricles
Atrial contraction pushes any remaining blood to
ventricle

67
Q

What do augmented limb leads (unipolar) measure?

A

The potential difference between signal recording electrode and a combination of other electrodes that form a composite negative electrode.

68
Q

What is the function of the step ergometere in the mCAFT

A

To increase HR

69
Q

What are the 4 cause of increased venous return during exercise?

A

a) increased pumping of venous blood by contracting exercise muscle,
b) increased
negative thoracic pressure from greater depth/freq. of inspiration,
c) increased venoconstriction from increased sympathetic nervous system tone, and
d) increased blood from through dilated skeletal muscle arterioles into veins

70
Q

What does a foul odor of urine indicates?

A

The presence of bacteria

71
Q

What is the P wave?

A

The summation of the action potentials from the muscle fibers in the atria.

Physiology (7 decks)

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