Lab Flashcards
What does a high pH
Kidney failure,
Medication
Vomiting
Urinary Tract Infection
What does a smoky-red color of urine indicates?
It indicates the presence of red blood cells.
Where are AV valves best heard?
Best heard in the 5th intercostal space
How does the blood get transported through the heart?
Along pressure gradient, from high pressure gradient to low pressure gradient.
What is the S1 sound?
The sound that occurs during the early phase of ventricular contraction produced by closing of the atrioventricular valves
What is the septum:
Is the site of tissue bundles responsible for carrying the depolarization of the hear to the muscle fibers in the apex of the heart.
Where are semilunar valves best heard?
in the 2nd intercostal spaces on each side of the sternum
Where does filtration occurs?
In the kidney corpuscle, occurs when blood is transported in the glomerular capillaries.
Why does systolic pressure increases more than dyastolic during exercise?
Due to rapid left ventricular contraction.
What happens if the intrapulmonary pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure?
Air flows in the lungs
What does a low pH indicates?
Diabetes
Diarrhea
Starvation
What does a fruity odor of urine indicates?
The presence of ketones that results from diabetes, starvation or alcohol intoxication
Describe expiration:
Diaphragm and external intercostals relax and elastic recoil from elastic tissue of the lungs and chest cavity wall (generally passive process)
What is a cardiac cycle?
Refers to the events that occur during one heart beat
Describe the YMCA Cycle Ergometer Test:
Uses 3 or more consecutive 3 minute workloads designed to raise HR to between 110 and 85% of the age-predicted HR max for two consecutive workloads.
Describe spirometry:
Requires participant to take the deepest breath
they can, and forcefully expire all air from their
lungs
Describe aVR_
The positive electrode is on the right arm and the left arm and left leg electrodes form the negative electrode.
What are other factors that affect alveolar gas exchange?
Total number of alveoli
Thickness of respiratory membrane
Solubility coefficient of the particular gasses
What does a pale, dilute urine indicates?
Drinking of large volumes of liquid
Diabetes
What is the inspiratory reserve module?
The additional air that is possible to breath after normal inspiration, a measure of lung compliance.
What do bipolar leads measure?
The potential difference between positive recording electrode and a negative recording electrode
Describe inspiration:
Diaphragm and external intercostals
contract (it is an active process) resulting in increased thoracic volume, decreased intrapulmonary pressure.
What does the blood gas analyzer measures ?
Oxygen concentration, carbon dioxide, bicarbonate
What is respiration?
movement of both oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between atmosphere and the body tissues.
Describe aVL:
The positive electrode is on the left arm and the electrode on the right arm and the left foot are the negative electrodes.
What is reabsporption?
The movement of substances back into blood.
What is the average pH of urine?
6.0 but can range from 4.6 to 8.0
What is Functional Residual Capacity?
ERV+RV: Amount of air normally left in the lungs
What is Vital Capacity?
TV+IRV+ERV: total strength of respiration.
What are the three events or waveforms?
1) Atrial depolarization which produces P wave
2) Atrial repolarization and the ventricular depolarization that produce the QRS complex
3) Ventricular repolarization
What is alveolar gas exchange?
Process by which oxygen is exchanged between air in the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries.
What is kidney main function in the body?
To produce urine and filtrate blood.
What are the four major processes in respiration?
Pulmonary ventilation
Alveolar gas exchange
Gas transport
Systemic gas exchange
What is residual volume?
Amount of air that remains in the lung after a forced expiration.
What is End Diastolic Volume:
blood remaining in the ventricles at the end of
filling
What are examples of VO2max
maximal oxygen consumption, maximal
oxygen uptake, peak oxygen uptake, or
maximal aerobic capacity.
How does blood pH influence hemoglobin affinity?
If pH is lower than 7.4 than hemoglobin has difficulty binding to oyxgen.
What is the S2 sound?
Occurs when ventricle relax and is produced by the closing of the semilunar valves.
What are the three manin processes performed by the nephron?
1) Filtration
2) Reabsorption
3) Secretion
What is the role of the respiration center in the medulla?
Insures that gaseous exhange at the lung matches the requirements of the body.
Describe aVF:
The positive electrode is on the left leg and the right and left arm electrodes are form a composite negative electrode.
What does specific gravity measures?
The concentration of urine ranging from 1.0006 to 1.035.
What is secretion?
Transport of the substances from the blood into the filtrate.
What are the trhee phases of Cardiac Action Potential
1) Depolarization
2) Plateu depolarization
3) Repolarization
What is gas transport?
Process of moving the gasses through the cardiovascular system.
What is Stroke volume (SV):
volume of blood ejected with each beat; represented by EDV - ESV
What are three reasons why arterial PO2 remains constant during exercise
- Increased alveolar ventilation
- Increased pulmonary blood flow
- Oxygen diffusion capacity.
What is the general duration of a cardiac cycle?
0.7-0.8 which correspond to 75-85 bpm.
Why does HR rate increase?
Because of a reduction of parasympathetic activity to sinoatrial node and increase in sympathetic.
What is End systolic volume (ESV):
Volume of blood remaining in ventricles after
contraction
What is arterial pressure?
The product of Cardiac Output and Peripheral Resistance
What is auscultation?
The technique of listening to heart and vessels sounds.
What is the tidal volume?
The amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during any one breathing cycle.
What does dark, concentrated urine indicates?
Dehydration
Fever
What is a filtrate?
A fluid entering the surrounding capsular space
What does a high specific gravity causes?
Precipitation of solutes and formation of kidney stones.
What cause the QRS complex?
The return of the muscle fibers to their resting membrane potential. Summation of action potential in the muscle fibers in the ventricles.
What does happen when Ventricular pressures that exceed atrial
pressure?
AV valves closes. Also opens cusps aortic/pulmonary
valve when pressure builds past a
threshold. Ventricle contraction pushes blood
to pulmonary or systemic circuits
How are positions or combinations of positions to record ECG?
Leads or views.
Where does exchange of O2 and CO2 at the lungs takes place?
At the pulmonary capillaries.
When is VO2max reached?
when steady state of
oxygen consumption is observed, even
with increasing workload
What is pulmonary ventilation?
Process where air moves between the atmosphere an alveoli
What is Cardiac Output:
is the stroke volume multiplied by heart rate.
What is inspiratory capacity?
TV+IRV: Maximal capacity to inspire
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume?
The amount of air expelled from the lungs during a forced expiration, a measure of lung and chest wall elasticity.
What does happen when atrial pressure exceeding ventricular pressure?
AV valve opens, allowing blood to fill ventricles
Atrial contraction pushes any remaining blood to
ventricle
What do augmented limb leads (unipolar) measure?
The potential difference between signal recording electrode and a combination of other electrodes that form a composite negative electrode.
What is the function of the step ergometere in the mCAFT
To increase HR
What are the 4 cause of increased venous return during exercise?
a) increased pumping of venous blood by contracting exercise muscle,
b) increased
negative thoracic pressure from greater depth/freq. of inspiration,
c) increased venoconstriction from increased sympathetic nervous system tone, and
d) increased blood from through dilated skeletal muscle arterioles into veins
What does a foul odor of urine indicates?
The presence of bacteria
What is the P wave?
The summation of the action potentials from the muscle fibers in the atria.
