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Biology 202 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the phyla for Sponges

A

Porifera

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2
Q

What is the phyla for Jellyfish?

A

cnidaria

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3
Q

What is the phyla for comb jellies?

A

Ctenophora

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4
Q

What is the Colonial hypothesis?

A

The theory that protist division turned into a colony of cells, that eventually formed 2 layers around the body of cells. Folding within the cell occurred, where the cell turned into itself, creating a path for radial symmetric, multicellular animals.

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5
Q

What is the Syncytial Hypothesis?

A

A coencytic cell is a protist cell that has multiple nuclei inside it, eventually forming membranes around each nuclei, creating multiple cells within the cell body. This in turn creates the path for bilaterally symmetric animals

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6
Q

Tophat question: Why are sponges considered true multicellular organisms, but cell aggregation in slime molds are not?

A

Slime mold aggregation is made up of cells that are not obligately dependent on each other; they only come together when under a stressful environment, and undergo cell specialization (otherwise, they are very dependent)
-Sponges are multicellular animals with predetermined specialized and obligate cells

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7
Q

What are the 4 specialized cells in porifera?

A

1) Pinacocytes
2) porocytes
3) choanocytes
4) amoebocytes

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8
Q

What do pinacocyte cells do?

A

They are flat cells on the outer part of the porifera; in some sponges, they turn into porocytes and allow for the movement of water

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9
Q

What do amoebocyte cells do?

A

-responsible for creating spicules (For skeletal structure), reproduction, and food transportation

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10
Q

What do choanocyte cells do?

A

Choanocytes filter out the food from water currents that go through the sponge, and they are thought to be evolved in the same way as choanoflagellates

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11
Q

What are porifera characteristics?

A

1) No tissues/organs
2) No body symmetry
3) Adults are sessile (immobile)
4) Simplest metazoans (parazoans)

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12
Q

What is a Coelom?

A

Mesoderm body cavity

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13
Q

What does Triblastic mean?

A

tissues evolved from true mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm

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14
Q

what does acoelomate mean?

A

No coelom

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15
Q

What is a flame cell and which phyla is it found in?

A

Flame cell acts like a kidney to remove toxins from the body and its found in flatworms (Platyhelminthes)

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16
Q

What kind of symmetry do Cniderians have?

A

Radial/biradial (think jelly fish, cut them in half)

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17
Q

Which phyla started tissues?

A

Cniderians (have simple tissues and their nervous system consist of nerve nets-no brain)

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18
Q

What layers do jelly fish and coral have?

A

1) Ectoderm
2) Mesoglea (dead cell layer)
3) Endoderm
=diploblastic tissue

Only triploblastic if you have mesoderm (middle tissue layer) + ectoderm +endoderm

19
Q

What are the 2 hypothesis for the evolution of multicellularity?

A

1) colonial

2) syncytial

20
Q

what do you call a mesoderm body cavity?

A

Coelom

21
Q

Are Cnideria diploblastic or triploblastic?

A

Diploblastic

22
Q

What types of animals fall within Cnideria phylum?

A

Jelly fish and Coral

23
Q

What layers do Cnideria have?

A

2 layers: Epidermis and Gastrodermis

24
Q

Do Cniderians have true organs and why?

A

No, because they are diploblastic and have 2 tissue layers (no true organs)

25
Q

What is a mesoglea?

A

middle layer between Epidermis and gastrodermis (jelly-filled layer)

26
Q

Describe the tissue layers of Cnideria

A

Epidermis, mesoglea (jelly filled layer) and Gastrodermis

27
Q

What is the one type of cell in the Cnideria phylum and what does it produce?

A

Cnidocytes which produce nematocysts (which are capsules-like structures that are used for food collection and defence. When discharged, the nematocyst ejects, releasing a tube with spines that contain toxins to stun prey

28
Q

What are medusa and polyp?

A

Cnideria forms: Polyp is sessile and represents the asexual phase. Medusa is free-living and represents the sexual phase

29
Q

Describe the gastrovascular cavity of cniderians.

A

They have a mouth, no anus, and the gastrovascular cavity is responsible for digestion and gas exchange

30
Q

What’s a hydrostatic skeleton and where is it found?

A

found in Cnideria. It is a fluid filled skeleton that aids in the movement in water (helps in contraction and

31
Q

Ctenophora are part of what clade?

A

Eumetazoa (this is the start of it)

32
Q

Ctenophora include what animals?

A

Comb Jellies

33
Q

What kind of symmetry does Ctenophora have?

A

Biradial

34
Q

What kind of tissues?

A

Di, possibly triploblastic

35
Q

Which phylum has the first anus?

A

Ptenophora

36
Q

What are the non-molting phyla?

A

Mollusks

37
Q

What kind of symmetry do mollusks have?

A

Bilateral

38
Q

What kind of tissue layer do they have?

A

Triploblastic

39
Q

Describe the general body plan of mollusks

A

1) foot region (no organs, just nerves and muscles)
2) visceral mass (carries all of the organs)

  • Mantle: secretes the shell part of the organism (attached to visceral mass)
  • Mantle cavity: between the mantle and the foot (responsible for gas exchange)
  • mollusks have anus
40
Q

What is unique to the mollusk phyla?

A

The mantle

41
Q

Whats a radula?

A

Found in mouth helps to push food into the body

42
Q

Explain torsion

A

Found in mollusks. Torsion occurs at larvae stage. The 180 degree rotation of the body plan; anus positions itself near the mouth; mantle cavity is now where the head is
(used to be at the foot region)

43
Q

Why does torsion occur?

A

3 hypothesis:

1) to protect the head with the mantle cavity
2) to collect more clean water towards the mouth compared to the contaminated water that

Biology 202 (2 decks)

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