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Pharm 1- k > Week 2- 5 P's > Flashcards

Week 2- 5 P's Flashcards

1
Q

Where does chloroquine concentrate?

A

Liver

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1
Q

What four plasma proteins do drugs bind to?

A
  • Serum albumin
  • Lipoprotein
  • Glycoprotein
  • Globulins
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1
Q

Decreased drug metabolism results in what two things?

A

Accumulation of drugs and
Prolonged action of the effects of the drugs

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1
Q

What is the most important factor that affects the increase or decrease of drug metabolism?

A

Drug / drug interactions

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1
Q

What is first-pass effect?

A

Metabolism of a drug by the liver and its passage from the liver into the circulation.

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1
Q

Drugs administered to the lower portion of the rectum are absorbed where?

A

Inferior vena cava

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1
Q

What is excretion?

A

Elimination of drugs from the body

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1
Q

What are the six types of drug therapy?

A
  • Acute
  • Maintenance
  • Supplemental
  • Palliative
  • Supportive
  • Prophylactic
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1
Q

What are three major categories of drug routes?

A
  • Enteral
  • Parenteral
  • Topical
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2
Q

In drug monitoring, what kind of effects don’t we want?

A

Side effects

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3
Q

What are three areas of slow distribution?

A
  • Muscles
  • Fat
  • Skin
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3
Q

What is intraarticular?

A

Drug injected into joint space

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4
Q

What are six enteral routes?

A
  • Oral
  • Sublingual
  • Buccal
  • Nasogastric tube
  • Gastrostomy feeding tube
  • Rectal
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5
Q

What are the five “P’s” of Pharmacology Principles?

A
  • Pharmaceutics
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Pharmacotherapeutics
  • Pharmacognosy
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6
Q

Which goes through first pass - druges administered to the lower or upper portion of the rectum?

A

Upper

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6
Q

What is onset?

A

Time needed for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response.

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6
Q

What is duration?

A

Length of time that a drug concentration is sufficient to ellicit a therapeutic response.

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7
Q

Due to a drugs ______, some drugs bind to plasma proteins and others do not.

A

Molecular structures

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8
Q

What is the main site of drug metabolism?

A

Liver

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8
Q

What is intrathecal?

A

Drug injected into subarachnoid space of spinal cord

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9
Q

What is maintenance therapy?

A

Long term

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9
Q

What two things does drug form influence?

A

Rate of dissolution and absorption.

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9
Q

What are gels and magmas?

A

Minerals suspended in water.

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10
Q

What is a drug’s generic name?

A
  • non-propriety name
  • name registered by US Adopted Name Council
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10
Q

Tablets can be formed in what four ways?

A
  • Compressed powders or granules
  • Sugar coated
  • Coated with volatile liquid
  • Enteric-coated
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10
Q

What are capsules?

A

Gelatin coated

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12
Q

What is palliative therapy?

A

Treating symptoms

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12
Q

What are four types of drug interactions?

A
  • Additive effect
  • Synergistic effect
  • Antagonistic effect
  • Incompatibility
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13
Q

What is a drug’s trade name?

A
  • propriety name
  • registered trademark
  • name restricted by drug’s owner
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13
Q

Drug moves from blood to what three places?

A
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Body Fluids
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13
Q

What is the major organ of elimination?

A

Kidney

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13
Q

What is creatinine clearance?

A

Volume of serum or plasma that is cleared of creatinine in one minute via urinary excretion.

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13
Q

Creatinine clearance compares levels of creatinine in what two things?

A

Urine and blood

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13
Q

What are three classes of drugs that could cause drug / drug interactions?

A
  • Other prescribed drugs
  • OTC medications
  • Herbal therapies
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13
Q

What three substances are used to dissolve drugs?

A

Water, oil, alcohol

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14
Q

What is an adverse drug event?

A

Human medication errors that result in patient harm.

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15
Q

What is oral?

A

Swallowing

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16
Q

What is absorption?

A

Movement of a drug from its site of administration into systemic circulation (blood).

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16
Q

What is buccal?

A

Between gum and cheek

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17
Q

What affects the rate of distribution?

A
  • Membrane permeability
  • Blood perfusion
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19
Q

What are eight forms of excretion?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Saliva
  • Liver
  • Bowel
  • Sweat
  • Lungs
  • Hepatobiliary
  • Breast milk
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20
Q

What are iatrogenic responses?

A

Unintentional adverse effects that are treatment-induced.

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21
Q

Drugs given via oral route may undergo _________ _________ _____________ prior to reaching systemic circulation.

A

Extensive liver metabolism

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21
Q

What kinds of tablets can be cut in half?

A

Scored

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22
Q

What are the steps in drug monitoring?

A
  • Evaluating the effectiveness of drug therapy
  • Observing for any adverse drug effects
  • Making adjustments as needed
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22
Q

What are emulsions?

A

Mixtures of oil and water that improve taste of otherwise distasteful products

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23
Q

Oral drugs come in what two states?

A

Solid or liquid

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24
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

Fraction of unchanged drug (therapeutically active) that reaches systemic circulation and is available at target site.

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24
Q

What is a carcinogenic effect?

A

Cause cancer

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25
Q

What is rectal?

A

Inserted into rectum

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26
Q

What is acute therapy?

A

Very serious / right now

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27
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

What the drug does to the body.

Biochemical and physiological effect of the drug on body tissue and microorganisms in/on the body.

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28
Q

What are the four distribution patterns?

A
  • Drug stays within vascular system
  • Drug distributes throughout body water
  • Drug concentrates in specific tissues
  • Drug distributes throughout body and tissue
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28
Q

What kind of drug has bioavailability - bound or unbound?

A

Unbound

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28
Q

What is tolerance?

A

A decreasing response to repetitive drug doses.

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30
Q

What is prophylactic therapy?

A

Preventitive

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31
Q

In distribution, the highest concentration are often in organs of what?

A

Elimination

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31
Q

What does half-life measure?

A

Drug elimination

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31
Q

What makes the chances greater of drug treatment being successful?

A

The more patient knows and understands about how to take the medication and why it is prescribed.

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33
Q

What is pharmacotherapeutics?

A

The use of drugs and the clinical indications for drugs to prevent and treat disease.

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34
Q

What is intravascular (IV)?

A

Drug injected into bloodstream

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35
Q

What is supplemental therapy?

A

Addition to (nutrition)

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37
Q

In creatinine clearance calculation, what must you do to a woman’s weight?

A

multiply by 0.85

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38
Q

What is intradermal (ID)?

A

Drug injected into skin

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39
Q

What two properties does an inactive metabolite have?

A
  • More soluble compound
  • More potent metabolite
41
Q

What is an adverse drug reaction?

A

Any unexpected drug reaction that is NOT desired that occurs with a normal therapeutic dose.

42
Q

What may lead to excess free (unbound) drug?

A

Diminished quantity of plasma proteins.

44
Q

Renal function can be tested prior to prescribing drugs with what two processes?

A

Serum creatinine or urine creatinine clearance

46
Q

Can protein binding be reversible, irreversible, or both?

A

Both

47
Q

What four factors affect the extent of distribution?

A
  • Lipid solubility
  • Plasma pH
  • Plasma protein binding
  • Intracellular binding
47
Q

Drugs exist in plasma in what two forms?

A

Bound and unbound

49
Q

What is the therapeutic index?

A

Ratio between a drug’s therapeutic benefits and its toxic effects

50
Q

What affects drug concentration?

A

Drug distribution

51
Q

What is subcutaneous (Subq)?

A

Drug injected beneath the skin into subcutaneous tissue

53
Q

Areas of more rapid distribution will result in what?

A

High conentration of drug.

54
Q

What is the best IM administration site for children?

A

Vastus lateralis

55
Q

What is the most common distribution pattern?

A

Drug distributes throughout tissues / body fluids

57
Q

What do basic drugs bind to?

A

Glycoproteins / globulins

58
Q

What are the five sources of drug derivation?

A
  • Plants
  • Humans / Animals
  • Minerals
  • Manufactured synthetics
  • Genetically engineered
60
Q

What could one drug do to another in terms of the same binding site?

A

Displace (push off the binding site)

61
Q

What are side effects?

A

Expected well-known reactions that result in little or no change in patient management.

62
Q

What are three forms of solid oral dosage?

A

Tablets, capsules, lozenges

63
Q

What is pharmaceutics?

A

The study or science of how various drug forms influence pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynames.

65
Q

What are five sites of drug metabolism?

A
  • Liver
  • Kidney
  • Lungs
  • Plasma
  • Intestinal mucosa
66
Q

What are solutions?

A

Drug substances in a homogenous mixture with a liquid.

68
Q

What is half-life?

A

The time it takes for 1/2 of the original amount of drug to be removed from the body.

69
Q

What are four contributing factors to reduced plasma proteins?

A
  • Malnutrition
  • Renal disease
  • Liver disease
  • Catabolic state
69
Q

What are aromatic waters?

A

Aqueous solutions containing volatile oils

71
Q

What is the fastest delivery into blood circulation?

A

Intravenous (IV)

72
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

The study or science of drugs.

73
Q

What are seven forms of luid oral drugs?

A
  • Solutions
  • Syrups
  • Aromatic waters
  • Liquors
  • Suspensions
  • Emulsions
  • Gels and magmas
74
Q

What are six topical routes?

A
  • Skin
  • Eyes
  • Ears
  • Nose
  • Lungs
  • Vagina
76
Q

What is a drug?

A

Any chemical that affects the process of a living organism.

77
Q

What is drug action?

A
  • Cellular processes involved in the drug/cell interaction
  • What happens at the cellular level
79
Q

What are the four steps in reversible protein binding?

A
  • State of equilibrium created between bound and unbound drug
  • Bound portion of drug acts as a reservoir
  • Reservoir slowly releases unbound drug to replace active drug as it’s eliminated
  • Active drug is continually replaced
80
Q

What is intraosseous?

A

Drug injected into bone marrow

82
Q

Where does tetracycline concentrate?

A

Bones / teeth

83
Q

What are four areas of rapid distribution?

A
  • Heart
  • Liver
  • Kidneys
  • Brain
84
Q

What are liquors?

A

Liquid drugs with alcohol as the solvent

85
Q

What two variables affect the fraction of unbound drugs?

A

Amound and quality of plasma proteins

87
Q

What are the three organs of elimination?

A
  • Kidney
  • Liver
  • Intestine
87
Q

What is drug metabolism also known as?

A

Biotransformation

87
Q

What are drugs classified by?

A

Physical state and chemical compositions.

88
Q

What are caplets?

A

Oblong tablets

89
Q

What are six risks with IV?

A
  • Infection
  • Fluid overload
  • Electrolyte imbalance
  • Phletbitis
  • Extravasation
  • Embolus
90
Q

What is pharmacognosy commonly known as?

A

Herbals

92
Q

What is intramuscular (IM)?

A

Drug injected into skeletal muscle

93
Q

Drugs administered to the upper portion of the rectum are absorbed where?

A

Portal veins

94
Q

What determines whether a drug action is local or systemic?

A

Drug form

95
Q

What is the caluclation for creatinine clearance?

A

(140 - age in years) x (weight in kg)

(72 x serum creatinine mg/dL)

96
Q

What are topical routes?

A

Drug applied to skin or mucosa or inhaled

98
Q

What do parenteral medications require for administration?

A

Needle / catheter

99
Q

What three things consequently happen if drug concentration is too high or the number of plasma proteins is too low?

A
  • All binding sites on protein become saturated
  • Excess drug remains unbound and biologically active
  • Active drug levels may reach toxic levels
101
Q

What are syrups?

A

Solutions of sugar and water, usually flavoring the drug

102
Q

What is a drug’s chemical name?

A

The drug’s chemical composition and molecular structure.

104
Q

What is dependence?

A

A physiologic or psychologic need for a drug.

106
Q

What are enteral routes?

A

Drug is absorbed into systemic circulation through alimentary canal.

107
Q

What is extravasation?

A

Accidental infusion of IV meds / fluids into surrounding tissue instead of vein

109
Q

What is a teratogenic effect?

A

Affects babies in womb

111
Q

What do acidic drugs bind to?

A

Albumin

111
Q

What are five factors that decrease metabolism?

A
  • Cardiovascular dysfunction
  • Renal insufficiency
  • Starvation
  • Obstructive jaundice
  • Erythromycin or ketoconazole drug therapy
113
Q

What is the possible result of administratng two or more protein-binding drugs? What can this lead to?

A
  • Dramatically alter therapeutic effect of one or more drugs
  • Toxic drug levels
114
Q

What muscle is not an appropriate IM injection site for infants and why?

A
  • Gluteals
  • Muscle not well developed yet
115
Q

What are suspensions?

A

Insoluble drug contained in a liquid

117
Q

A drug cannot make a cell or tissue do what?

A

Perform a function it was not designed to perform.

118
Q

What three kinds of patients need rectal drugs?

A
  • Patients with nasuea / vomiting
  • Patients who are unconscious
  • Infants who can’t swallow pill
119
Q

Half-life is significant when measuring what three things?

A
  • Steady state of drug
  • Toxicity of drug
  • Sub-therapeutic drug levels
120
Q

Through what system are the majority of drugs excreted by?

A

Renal

121
Q

What are major factors affecting distribution?

A
  • Protein-binding properties
  • Water-soluble vs. fat soluble
  • Blood brain barrier
122
Q

What is sublingual?

A

Under the tongue

123
Q

What are the four parts of pharmacokinetics?

A
  • Absorption
  • Distribution
  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
125
Q

What kinds of drugs stay in vascular system?

A
  • Large molecular weight drugs
  • Drugs tightly bound to plasma proteins
127
Q

Once the drug reaches the site of action, what can it do?

A

Modify cellular / tissue function

129
Q

Is an adverse event preventable or not preventable?

A

Preventable

131
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

What the body does with the drug.

132
Q

Where does iodine concentrate?

A

Thyroid glands

133
Q

Is an adverse drug reaction preventable or not preventable?

A

Not preventable

135
Q

What kinds of drugs are distributed in body water?

A

Low molecular weight in molecules

137
Q

What is distribution?

A

Delivery of drug rom the blood to the end target.

138
Q

What are drug / drug interactions?

A

Altered drug action by interaction with another drug.

139
Q

What are the normal creatinine levels for men and women?

A

91 to 137 ml/min for men

88 to 128 ml/min for women

141
Q

What are two factors that increase drug metabolism?

A
  • Barbituates
  • Rifampin therapy
142
Q

Reversible protein binding maintains what kind of state for active drug?

A

Equilibrium

143
Q

What kind of oral drug is more GI ready?

A

Liquids

144
Q

What are the three names of a drug?

A
  • chemical
  • generic
  • trade
145
Q

What is a mutagenic effect?

A

Altering DNA

146
Q

What is peak?

A

Time needed for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response.

147
Q

What gives the fastest absorption rates for oral preparations? the slowest?

A
  • Liquids, elixirs, syrups
  • Enteric-coated tablets
148
Q

In pharmacodynamics, where is drug action?

A

Cellular level

150
Q

What are three general factors affecting distribution?

A
  • Drug characteristics
  • Tissue properties
  • Blood flow
151
Q

What is affinity?

A

Attraction for

152
Q

What are nine factors affecting drug absorption?

A
  • route of administration
  • bioavailability of drug
  • type of membrane transport
  • dosage form
  • concentration of a drug
  • co-administration of food or fluids
  • acidity of stomach
  • status of GI motility
153
Q

Where can emergency administration of epinephrine take place?

A

Anywhere

154
Q

What are ten routes that avoid first-pass?

A
  • Sublingual
  • Buccal
  • Intramuscular
  • Intravenous
  • Subcutaneous
  • Intranasal
  • Inhalation
  • Transdermal
  • Intraosseous
  • Vaginal
155
Q

What are five IM injection sites?

A
  • Deltoid
  • Dorsogluteal (gluteus medius)
  • Ventrogluteal (gluteus medius)
  • Rectus femoris
  • Vastus lateralis
156
Q

What are two major conditions that impair renal function?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes
157
Q

What are sustained-release (SR) capsules (spansules)?

A

Dissolved at a pedertimed rate over longer period of time

158
Q

What is mechanism of action (MOA)?

A

The ways by which drugs produce therapeutic effects.

159
Q

Biologic transformation of a drug turns it into what?

A

Inactive metabolite

160
Q

What is drug effect?

A
  • Physiologic reaction of the whole body to the drug
  • Overall effect on the body
161
Q

What is pharmacognosy?

A

The study of natureal (plant and animal) drug sources.

Pharm 1- k (4 decks)

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