Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bone Pathology > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

(83 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is spina bifida occulta (SPO)?

A

Failure of fusion of the two posterior arch ossification centers producing a midline defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Occult means?

A

Hidden, small hidden

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can not be seen on xray with spina bifida occulta?

A

Can not see the spinal laminar junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some associated conditions w/ SPO

A

Posterior disc herniation, and association w/ isthmic spondylolisthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is anterior arch agenesis?

A

Absence of D-shaped anterior arch on lateral cervical film (rare)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

For stability b/t C1/C2 w/ anterior arch agenesis we need what?

A

An intact dens, anterior arch, lateral masses and transverse processes, don’t really need a posterior arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do we test for hypermobility w/ anterior arch agenesis?

A

Perform flex/ext study to screen hypermobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is posterior arch agenesis?

A

Lack of cartilage template (partial or complete) for absence of a posterior arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to the anterior arch and C2 w/ posterior arch agenesis?

A

Hypertrophy and sclerosis of anterior arch and megaspinous of C2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a posterior ponticle?

A

Partial or complete ossification of the oblique portion of the atlanto-occipital membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the posterior ponticle/arcuate foramen contain?

A

Vertebral artery and 1st cervical nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How common is a posterior ponticle?

A

15% of the pop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is a posterior ponticle more common uni or bilaterally?

A

Unilaterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some other names for posterior ponticle?

A

Arcuate foramen, Kimmerly anomaly, ponticulus posticus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What might the posterior ponticle do to the nerves?

A

May compress and traction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Down’s syndrome?

A

Trisomy 21, 1 in 600 births

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can Down’s syndrome lead to?

A

Atlanto-axial instability due to lax transverse ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What % of Down’s syndrome patients are born w/out transverse ligaments?

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are Down’s syndrome patients prone to?

A

Cervical spondylosis and myelopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What increased space is seen in Down’s syndrome patients?

A

Increased atlanto-dental interspace (ADI) flexion lateral view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Ossiculum Terminale/Persistens of Bergman?

A

Non-fusion of secondary growth center of dens, separate ossicles in patients over 12 y/o

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Os Odontoideum?

A

Two halves of the odontoid unite do not fuse to C2, probably due to old fracture w/ non-union

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Is the transverse ligament usually intact or not intact w/ Os ondontoideum?

A

Intact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the exception for dx before 5 y/o w/ Os Odontoideum?

A

Hypermobility of the dens is demonstrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What type of translation is seen w/ Os Odontoideum?
Sagittal translation, see if masses of C1 slide over C2
26
What is hypoplastic/ageneic odontoid?
The odontoid halves do not develop fully or at all (extremely rare), possible surgery
27
What is a block vertebra/synostosis?
Non-segmentation of two adjacent segments
28
What is the appearance of block vertebra/synostosis?
Wasp wasted appearance of AP diameter where two levels were joined together
29
What are some complications of block vertebra?
Premature DJD at adjacent levels, laxity at adjacent levels d/t increased stresses
30
Where in the neck is block vertebra/synostosis the most common at?
C2/C3 and C5/C6
31
Where in the lumbar is block vertebra/synostosis the most common?
L4/L5
32
Radiographs showing block vertebra/synostosis what becomes no longer visible?
Discs and roughened endplates
33
What is Klippel-Feil Syndrome?
Multiple block vertebra, SBO, scoliosis, Sprengel's deformity, platybasia
34
What is the classic triad associated w/ KFS?
Shortness (d/t loss of disc spaces) Webbed neck (pterygium coli) Lowered hairline Decreased Cx ROM
35
What soft tissue anomalies are associated w/ KFS?
GU anomalis (horseshoe kidney or 2 ureters off one kidney) intravenous urogram or pylogram
36
What is Sprengel Deformity?
Congenitally undescended scapula
37
Where is Sprengel's Deformity normally at?
Inferior angle at T7
38
What is an omovertebral bone?
In Sprengel's deformity it is a chunk of bone that fixes the scapula to the spine present only sometimes
39
Is KFS and Sprengel's deformity isolated from each other or associated w/ each other?
Both
40
What is cervical spondylolisthesis?
Congenital form caused by bilateral agenesis of pedicles and dysplasia (malformation) of articular processes
41
At what level is cervical spondylolisthesis most common?
C6 (C6 slipped forward compared to C7)
42
Is cervical spondylolistheses more common in males or females?
M>F
43
What is commonly associated at the same level as cervical spondylolisthesis?
SBO
44
Is cervical spondylolisthesis symptomatic or asymptomatic?
Both
45
What does a lateral view of cervical spondylolisthesis show?
Lucencies b/t pedicle and SP
46
Where are cervical ribs most common at?
C5-7
47
What do the cervical ribs articulate w/?
The TPs. Articulations w/ TP differentiates from hyperplastic TP
48
If a patient as a cervical rib at C5 what else will the patient present w/?
Cervical ribs the rest of the way down
49
What are apparent defects in the medial aspects of lateral masses in the cervical spine?
C1 lateral mass notches
50
What is a C1 lateral mass notch?
Apparent defects in the medial aspects of lateral masses in the cervical spine
51
What do the lucencies of the atlas in C1 lateral mass notches represent?
Attachment sites of the transverse ligament
52
What are the central maxillary incisors?
May look like vertical fracture through the dens but is actually a space b/t teeth
53
What may look like a vertical fracture through the dens?
Central maxillary incisors
54
What is the match effect?
Overlapping structure of posterior arch of C1 we see lucency at bottom of C1, shadow formed by diverging xrays, may be lips, tongue and occiput
55
What are the paraodontoid notches?
Notches next to the dens
56
What do the paraodontoid notches represent?
Part of the growth centers/synchondrosis (didn't fill w/ bone)
57
What is Eagles Syndrome?
It is a stylohyoid ossification
58
What view shows Eagles syndrome the best?
APOM, but can still be seen on lateral view
59
What is associated w/ Eagles syndrome?
Dysphagia and anterior neck pain
60
What can PLL ossification cause?
Spinal stenosis
61
What is facet notching?
Mimics erosion or fracture, no trauma yet trauma can cause it
62
Articular pillars overlapping due to what may mimic vertebral pillar fracture?
Rotation
63
What is a pseudofracture and arthrosis?
Lucency seen through the body but actually unco-vertebral joint arthrosis, (look like they have become slightly horizontal)
64
What is a pyriform sinus?
Lucency medial to v-body on AP film, may look like a destructive lesion, but just air space overlying the bone
65
What is the transverse foramen of C2
Looks like holes in the bone but are very symmetric looking, not a destructive lesion
66
What are Hahn's venous clefts?
Vascular channels seen as horizontal lucencies thorugh the mid-vertebral body
67
Where are Hahn's venous cleft most common at?
Lower thoracic spine
68
Are Hahn's venous clefts normal or abnormal findings?
normal
69
What is a lumbar block vertebra?
Non segmentation in thoracic and lumbar
70
Are block vertebra more common in the cervicals or lumbar spine?
Cervicals
71
Where are lumbar block vertebra m/c found?
L4/L5
72
What do we assume if there is multiple block vertebra?
KFS
73
What is a butterfly vertebra?
Central hourglass shaped lucency in the body on AP radiographs. Continuous disc material vertebra from adjacent discs
74
How do butterfly vertebra and SBO differ?
In butterfly vertebra the body is separated compared to SBO where posterior elements are separated
75
What happens to the vertebral body in butterfly vertebra?
Becomes wider
76
Are butterfly vertebra stable or unstable?
Usually stable
77
What type of fracture does a butterfly vertebra look like?
Burst fracture
78
What is a hemivertebra?
Failure of ossification center, becomes a wedge shaped vertebra and adjacent endplate deformities
79
Where are hemivertebra m/c?
Laterally m/c and dorsal/ventral l/c
80
What are hemivertebra usually associated w/?
Block vertebra, KFS, diastematomyelia (spinal cord split into two halves)
81
If a hemivertebra is isolated what does it often cause?
Scoliosis
82
What does the term scrambled spine refer to?
When hemivertebra is w/ block vertebra
83
How do we know hemivertebra are congenital?
B/c of the absence of osteophytes

Bone Pathology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions