Week 2, 3 and 4 Phonetics and Phonology Flashcards
What is a phone
A possible speech sound
What are phonemes?
the speech sounds of a language/dialect
What is phonetics?
Phonetics - the study of speech sounds (phones)
Three branches:
• Articulatory phonetics: how they are produced
• Auditory phonetics: how they are perceived
• Acoustic phonetics: the physical properties of the sounds
What is phonology
Phonology deals with sound unit (phoneme) patterns that serve linguistic purpose or meaning within a language.
What is articulatory phonetics?
Articulatory phonetics: the study of how the vocal tract produces the sounds of language
* Allows us to describe speech production
- Speech sounds are created physically by our articulators parts within our oral, nasal and pharyngeal cavities)
How is the IPA organised?
The International Phonetic Alphabet is organised to reflect the physical dimensions of speech sounds. We use a sub-set of these sounds to represent Australian English
How is speech produced?
- Respiration: provides the source of air that is pushed from the lungs through the trachea
- Phonation: Basic source of voicing (through vibration of the vocal folds)
- Articulation: Shapes and modifies the air stream through movements of the vocal tract and creates the speech sound characteristics
What are articulators? (8 parts)
Parts within our oral, nasal and pharyngeal cavities that are used to make sounds
- Vocal folds
- Uvula
- Velum (Soft Palate)
- Palate (Hard Palate)
- Alveolar ridge
- Teeth
- Tongue – tongue root, back, front, blade, tip
- Upper lip and lower lip
How are consonants produced?
Consonants: produced with some constriction of the vocal tract
How are vowels produced?
Vowels: produced with no significant impedance to the air flowing through the oral cavity
When was the IPA founded and when was it updated?
Founded in 1886
Updated in 2005
Describing Consonants - what does place refer to?
Place of articulation: position within the vocal tract where the constriction to the airflow occurs
Describing Consonants - what does manner refer to?
Manner of articulation: the way the airstream is obstructed as it travels through the vocal tract
Describes :
- the direction of the airflow
- the degree of constriction that impedes the airflow
- If it is oral airflow, whether it is central or lateral
Describing Consonants - what does voicing refer to?
Voicing: +/- vibration of the vocal folds
Voicing as a feature of consonants is about the state of the larynx.
- When there is no vocal fold vibration, sounds are classed as voiceless
- When there is vocal fold vibration, sounds are classed as voiced
How do we describe consonants?
Place
Manner
Voicing
What does IPA stand for?
International Phonetic Alphabet
What does IPA stand for?
International Phonetic Alphabet
What does IPA stand for?
International Phonetic Alphabet
What does bilabial mean?
Both (bi) lips (labial) together [p] [b] [m]
What does IPA stand for?
International Phonetic Alphabet
What does labiodental mean?
Bottom lip (labio) touches top teeth (dental) [f] [v]
What does Dental mean
[θ] [ð] Tongue tip behind upper teeth (dental)
What does Alveolar mean?
[t] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] Tongue raised in various ways to the alveolar ridge
What doe Postalveolar mean?
[ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ] [ɹ] * Sounds made by raising the tongue blade to the area behind the alveolar ridge. * For [ɹ] the tongue tip is raised to the postalveolar region. * Postalveolar also known as palato-alveolar.
What deos palatal mean
[j] The front of the tongue is raised to the hard palate
What does velar mean?
[k] [g] [ŋ] • articulated by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate, or velum
What does glottal mean?
[h] • made by air flowing through a narrow glottis and past the tongue and lips • glottal stop [ʔ] (where the vocal folds close off the airway completely)
What deos labiovelar mean?
[w] • the tongue position is in the velar region, while the lips are rounded
What are stops?
The airflow is completely occluded (stopped) in the oral cavity before it is released
What are oral stops?
[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] (and sometimes [ʔ]) • created by raising the soft palate, or velum, to close off the nasal cavity • Also called plosives
What are plosives
Also known as oral stops
What are nasal stops?
[m] [n] [ŋ] • airflow goes out through the nasal cavity • You may also hear them called just “nasal”
What are fricatives?
[f] [v] [θ] [ð][s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [h] • created by constricting the airway to cause friction
Explain what continuants are
Although the airflow is restricted, the air can still flow continually through the oral cavity. Fricatives
What are affricates?
[tʃ] [dʒ]
- Sounds begin with a stop closure, then released more gradually into a fricative.
- Affricates are classed as non-continuants because they begin with a stop closure.
What are approximants?
[j] [w] [ɹ] [l]
- produced with very little obstruction of airflow in the oral cavity
- Can be further classified into 2 categories:
- Glides are [w] and [j] – also called semi-vowels
• Liquids are [l] and [ɹ] • [j] [w] [ɹ] are central • [l] has lateral airflow
Consonant Classifications
What is a Vowel?
• Vowels are speech sounds that are produced with no significant constriction of the air in the oral cavity. • Vowels are produced by changing the size and shape of the oral cavity – dependent on the movements of the lips and tongue • Relatively loud, central elements of syllables Linguistics – lin – guist - ics /lɪŋ/ + /ɡwɪst/ + /ɪks/
How do we describe vowels?
- Tongue Position - Height: How high or low in the mouth is the tongue?
- Tongue Position – Frontedness/Backness/Central
- Lip rounding: Are the lips rounded (pursed) or spread?
What is a monophthong?
A vowel sound that is not dynamic. It deosn’t require a change in the position of articulators
What is a diphthong?
A dynamic vowel sound - requires articulators to change position
What is a rising diphthong?
Rising diphthongs where the end of the vowel sound has a higher HPT than the beginning.
What is a falling or centring diphthong?
Falling or centring diphthongs where the tongue moves from a higher to a lower position.
What does orthography mean?
Letters we used to spell words
What is the difference between broad phonemic transcription and narrow phonetic transcription?
- Phonemic (broad) transcription uses a phoneme set to notate speech in a dialect, such as Standard Australian English - indicated with /slashes/
- Phonetic (narrow) transcription uses the entire International Phonetic Alphabet to transcribe allophonic variation, individual variations, and disordered speech - indicated with [square brackets]
What is an allophone?
Two or more of the same phoneme that sound slightly different
Differences occur depending on where that phoneme exists in a word and which phonemes surround them.
What are diacritics?
Diacritics mark aspects of articulation that occur when speech sounds are produced
How is diacritic for Aspiration indicated? When is a sound aspirated?
Aspiration [h] (small h)
• voiceless stops /p, t, k/ are aspirated when they occur before a stressed vowel e.g. [phɪn] • voiceless stops are not aspirated when in a consonant cluster with [s] e.g. [spɪn]
How is diacritic for Nasalisation indicated? When does it occur?
Nasalisation [˜]
- [˜] = the diacritic for nasalisation e.g. man [mæ̃n]
- Vowels are nasalised when they occur immediately before a nasal consonant
- More clearly audible for low vowels such as /æ, ɐ:, o:/ and diphthongs with low vowels as part of the articulation sequence. e.g. ant [æ̃nt] burnt [bɜ:nt] ̃ compare: at [æt] add [æd] compare: Bert [bɜ:t]
How is diacritic for Dentalisation indicated? When does it occur?
Dentalisation [̪] e.g. ninth [nɑen̪θ] compare: nine [nɑen]
• assimilation of alveolar consonants to the dental place of articulation when they occur immediately before a dental consonant e.g. eighth [æɪt̪θ] seventh [seven̪θ]
How is the diacritic for Primary Stress indicated?
Primary stress [ˈ] (shown just before stressed syllable)
What is complementary distribution?
Allophones of a phoneme are typically in complementary distribution
Two sounds are in complementary distribution if one sound never occurs in the context(s) where the other sound occurs
eg pit and pin - /ɪ/ is nasalised in pin, therefore they are allophones in complementary distribution
Define what minimal pairs are
- A minimal pair is a pair of words which differ in meaning when only one sound is changed.
- The different phonemes are known as contrastive phonemes - they can be consonants or vowels
Eg pear and bear
bit and bat
What are the classes of sounds?
Define obstruents
What sounds are obstruents?
Obstruents include all those sounds where there is some kind of obstruction in the articulation process:
=> oral stops, fricatives and affricates
Define sonorants
What sounds are sonorants?
Sonorants are all the other sounds (non-obstruents):
=> nasal stops, approximants and vowels
Define sonorants
What sounds are sonorants?
Sonorants are all the other sounds (non-obstruents):
=> nasal stops, approximants and vowels
Further classify obstruents
Non-continuents
Oral stops
Affricates
Continuants
Fricatives
What is phonation?
Basic source of voicing (through vibration of the vocal folds)
Explain what non-continuants are
They block the air flow. Stops Affricates
What is the structure of a syllable?
Each syllable has a vowel sound (Nucleus) that is part of the rhyme
Often also has Onset and coda (second part of rhyme)
Rhyme is further broken down into nucleus and coda
Onset and coda can be consonant clusters
What does prosody refer to?
• the properties of syllables such as stress, intonation and tone
What does stress refer to?
• Stress is a combination of the length, pitch and loudness of speech segments
What is the diacritic for primary stress
[ˈ] = the diacritic for primary stress
What is the diacritic for secondary stress?
[ˌ] = the diacritic for secondary stress e.g. economic /ˌekəˈnɔmɪk/
What does lexical stress refer to?
- the prominent syllable is called primary stress.
• unstressed syllable is often a schwa vowel /ə/
(stress on different syllables can change the meaning. Eg pre**sent, pre**sent)
What is co-articulation in connected speech?
what happens when speech sounds are influenced by surrounding speech sounds
What is elision or deletion in connected speech?
When a sound is consonant is not pronounced
eg fish n chips
What is assimilation in connected speech?
When one phoneme is substituted for another to replicate a distinctive feature of the following phoneme. It can happen within words and between words.
eg input - imput
goodbye- goobye
hot bread - hop bread
When does epenthesis (linking r) occur?
when a syllable/word ends with a vowel nucleus and abuts a new syllable without an onset:
eg far out
Mr Abbot
What other sounds can epenthesis occur in?
w
y
‘I yam, you waah, we are Australiayan’
What are the three common error patterns (phonological processes) in children’s speech?
- processes that modify the structure of the syllable
- processes that substitute one sound for another
- processes that assimilate one sound to another.
What happens when there is an error with syllable structure?
- Unstressed Syllable Deletion (<3yo)
[nɐ:nɐ:] for ‘banana’ [bɐ’nɐ:nɐ:]
- Final Consonant Deletion (<3 yo)
[hæ] for [hæt]
- Reduction of Consonant Clusters
[bed] for [bɹed]
What happens in assimilation process errors?
Sound changes in which one sound becomes more similar to another.
- Consonant Harmony [dɔg] becomes [dɔd] or [gɔg]
- Reduplication [wɐwɐ] for [wo:tə]
- Devoicing of final consonant [dɔg] becomes [dɔk]
What are allomorphs?
Allomorphs are different forms of the same morpheme, or basic unit of meaning. These can be different pronunciations or different spellings. There are three allomorphs of the morpheme -s in English. Compare the sound of the -s in ‘cats’, ‘dogs’ and ‘foxes’.
What is articulatory phonetics?
- the study of the physical production or articulation of speech sounds
What is acoustics phonetics?
- the study of speech as a sound wave
What is auditory phonetics?
- the study of the processing of speech signals and interpretation as meaningful speech sounds and words
What are the three ways sounds of same duration can differ?
- pitch
- loudness
- quality
What is linguistic competence?
- linguistic knowledge (internal grammar)
- what we know
What is linguistic performance?
• linguistic behaviour • how we use our linguistic knowledge in actual speech production and comprehension
