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General Plant Biology (PLB-200) > Week 2,3 > Flashcards

Week 2,3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main components of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules and actin filaments

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2
Q

What do microtubules consist of?

A

Protofilaments built from tubulin dimers (alpha and beta tubulin)

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3
Q

How many protofilaments around a hollow core make a microtubule?

A

13

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4
Q

What do the plus end and minus end do in a microtubule?

A

The plus end allows for expansion and the minus end does not expand

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5
Q

How do microtubules help cell wall growth?

A

By directing Golgi vesicles towards the membrane

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6
Q

How are microtubules important for functioning cilia and flagella?

A

They form the basis of cilia and flagella and as pairs slide past one another, it creates movement

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7
Q

What are microfilaments made of?

A

Actin monomers

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8
Q

Microfilaments are bigger or smaller than microtubules?

A

Smaller, but also polar

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9
Q

What are the organelles within a cell?

A

Vacuole, nucleus, endosymbionts (Plastids and Mitochondria), ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough) and the golgi apparatus

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10
Q

What is a tonoplast?

A

The membrane that surrounds a vacuole

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11
Q

What is in the vacuole?

A

Contains dissolved ions, organic acids, and other acidic substances

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12
Q

What is chromatin within a nucleus?

A

Combination of DNA and histone proteins

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13
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

Transcribes ribosomal RNA and combines it with proteins to form ribosomal large and small subunits

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14
Q

What is a chloroplast?

A

A plastid (symbiont) that performs photosynthesis within a plant cell

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15
Q

What is a leucoplast?

A

Colorless plastids that store starch (amyloplasts), lipids (elaioplasts), and proteins (proteinoplasts) but can also synthesize fatty acids, amino acids, and other compounds

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16
Q

What does a chromoplast do?

A

Synthesizes and stores non-chlorophyll pigments to attract seed-spreaders

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17
Q

What is a plastid called that has yet to take form?

A

Proplastid

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18
Q

How many genes are in the plastid genome?

A

About 100

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19
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

They respirate, or release energy from sugars and store them as ATP

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20
Q

What is a peroxisome?

A

A self-replicating organelle that participates in photorespiration

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21
Q

What is photorespiration?

A

A detoxification process that removes built up toxic compounds

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22
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Synthesize proteins

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23
Q

Where do ribosomes come from?

A

Partly from the nucleolus and are finished building outside the nucleus

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24
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

It is an intracellular communications system that functions by storing and releasing calcium and synthesizes lipids

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25
Q

What is a plasmodesmata?

A

ER-lined pores that connect to cytoplasms of adjacent cells

26
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

A collection of flat, membranous sacs that serves as a packing center (like for cell wall components)

27
Q

Where do photosynthetic light reactions occur?

A

Thylakoid membranes

28
Q

Where do photosynthetic “dark” reactions occur?

A

Stroma

29
Q

What is a haploid?

A

A cell with one set of chromosomes (Gametes)

30
Q

What is a diploid?

A

A cell with two sets of chromosomes (zygote)

31
Q

What is a polypoid?

A

Cells with more than two sets of chromosomes

32
Q

What is alternation of generations?

A

Life cycle involving sexual reproduction alternating between diploid sporophyte phase and haploid gametophyte phase

33
Q

Where do sporophytes develop from?

A

Zygotes

34
Q

What do sporophytes produce?

A

Sporocytes

35
Q

What do sporocytes do?

A

Undergo meiosis to produce 4 haploid spores.

36
Q

Where do gametophytes develop from?

A

Spores

37
Q

What do spores do?

A

Form cells/sexual structure in which gametes are formed by mitosis

38
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The fusion of gametes

39
Q

How many daughter cells in mitosis?

A

Two that are identical

40
Q

How many daughter cells in meiosis?

A

Four daughter cells after two successive divisions

41
Q

In what group of plants are you most likely to find scattered vascular bundles in the stem?

A

Monocots

42
Q

What type of lateral meristem is involved in the production of secondary tissue of xylem and phloem?

A

Vascular cambium

43
Q

What type of meristem is found only in monocots and allows for cell division in the vicinity of the nodes and adds to stem length?

A

Intercalary meristem

44
Q

What type of tissue is composed of thin, pliable living cells?

A

Parenchyma

45
Q

What type of tissue consists of parenchymatous cells with extensive air spaces and is a common adaptation to aquatic environments?

A

Aerenchyma

46
Q

What type of tissue consists of thickened secondary cell walls?

A

Sclerenchyma

47
Q

What term is given to the embryonic (seed) root?

A

Radicle

48
Q

What type of root does not develop from another root, but instead from a stem?

A

Adventitious root

49
Q

What region of the root is composed of an apical meristem?

A

Region of cell division

50
Q

From what tissue in the root does a root branch originate?

A

Pericycle

51
Q

What group of plants exclusively produces adventitious and fibrous roots?

A

Monocots

52
Q

What term is given to trees?

A

Arboral

53
Q

What term is given to the embryonic (seed) root?

A

Radicle

54
Q

What type of root does not develop from another root, but instead from a stem?

A

Adventitious root

55
Q

From what tissue in the root does a root branch originate?

A

Pericycle

56
Q

What group of plants exclusively produces adventitious and fibrous roots?

A

Monocots

Monocots

57
Q

What term is given to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves during a dormancy period?

A

Deciduous

Deciduous

58
Q

What function does a lenticel perform?

A

Gas exchange

Gas exchange

59
Q

In what group of plants might you find a siphonostele?

A

Ferns

60
Q

What group of plants lacks vascular tissue?

A

Bryophytes

61
Q

What groups of plants cannot produce lateral (secondary) growth?

A

Monocots, ferns, lycophytes, and bryophytes

62
Q

Why is lateral growth not possible in monocot stems?

A

There is no vascular cambium

General Plant Biology (PLB-200) (5 decks)

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