Week 1 Flashcards
What are the botanical disciplines?
Plant Anatomy, Plant Physiology, Plant Taxonomy, Plant Ecology, Plant Morphology, Genetics, Cell Biology, Economic Botany, and Ethnobotany
What are the attributes of living organisms?
Growth, Reproduction, Response to Stimuli, Metabolism, Movement, Complexity of Organization, and Environmental Adaptation
What is a molecule?
Two or more atoms bound together
What is a covalent bond?
When two atoms complete their outermost energy level by sharing a pair of electrons
What does nonpolar mean?
Electrons are shared equally
What does polar mean?
Electrons are shared unequally (like water)
What is an ionic bond?
Electrons in the outermost orbital can be removed from one atom and transferred to another atom. When oppositely charged ions come into contact.
What is a hydrogen bond?
Forms as a result of attraction between positively charged hydrogen atoms in polar molecules and negatively charged atoms in other polar molecules
What is the living substance of cells?
Cytoplasm and structures within it
What is 96% of a cell composed of?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
Simple molecules and ions are converted to large, complex molecules through what?
Metabolism
What is a polymer?
Formed when two or more small units called monomers bond together
What controls the bonding of monomers?
Enzymes
What do polymers include?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
What is the most abundant organic compound in nature?
Cellulose
What is in a carbohydrate?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of CH2O
What three basic kinds of carbohydrates are there?
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
What is a monosaccharide?
A simple sugar with backbones of three to seven carbon atoms (glucose and fructose)
What is a disaccharide?
Formed when two monosaccharides bond together (ex., sucrose)
What is polysaccharide?
Formed when several to many monosaccharides bond together
What forms can polysaccharides be in?
Starch (coils of glucose molecules) and cellulose (unbranched chain of glucose molecules)
What is the main carbohydrate reserve of plants?
Starch
What is the main structural polymer of plant cell walls?
Cellulose
What is a lipid?
Fatty or oily substances that are mostly insoluble in water
What do lipids do?
Store twice as much energy as carbs and it’s an important long-term energy reserve and structural component
How are fats and oils produced?
One molecule of glycerol and three fatty acid molecules
How many carbon atoms are in most fatty acid chains?
16-18
What are waxes?
Lipids consisting of long-chain fatty acids bonded to a long chain alcohol, instead of glycerol
What is a phospholipid?
Like fats, but one of the fatty acids is usually replaced by a phosphate group
What do proteins do?
Regulate chemical reactions in cells
What are proteins composed of?
Polypeptides
What are polypeptides composed of?
Chains of amino acids
What are amino acids composed of?
Amino group (-NH2), Carboxyl group (-COOH), R group (can vary from one hydrogen to a complex ring)
What are distinctive for each of 20 amino acids?
R groups
What order do polypeptides structures build in?
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary
What is a polypeptide primary structure?
Sequence of amino acids bonded by peptide
What is a polypeptide secondary structure?
Alpha helix or pleated sheet from hydrogen bonding
What is a polypeptide tertiary structure?
Further coiling/folding maintained by R group interactions
What is a polypeptide quaternary structure?
Association of multiple polypeptide to form a single protein
What is an enzyme?
Large, complex proteins that are organic catalysts under specific conditions
What are nucleic acids?
Large, complex polymers. Vital to internal communication and function.
What kinds of nucleic acids are there?
DNA and RNA
What does DNA consist of?
A double helix of repeating subunits of 4 kinds of nucleotides
What do nucleotides consist of?
A nitrogenous base, five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate
How is RNA different than DNA?
In its sugar and one nucleotide components, occurs as single strand, and is directly involved in protein synthesis
What are the primary wall components?
Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and cell wall proteins
What kind of polymer are cellulose and starch?
Glucose
How do cellulose polymers form microfibrils?
They H-bond with one another
What configuration does cellulose have?
Stiff rod-like, unbranched
What is bundled together in microfibrils?
Cellulose
How do microfibrils contribute to cell expansion?
They orientate randomly to expand or orientate parallel to constrain expansion
What is the difference between apoplastic pahways and symplastic pathways?
Apo is through the cell wall
Sym is through the cytoplasm
What are cellulose and starch?
Glucose
How do cellulose polymers form microfibrils?
They H-bond with one another
What configuration does cellulose have?
Stiff rod-like, unbranched
What is bundled together in microfibrils?
Cellulose
How do microfibrils contribute to cell expansion?
They orientate randomly to expand or orientate parallel to constrain expansion
What is the difference between apoplastic pathways and symplastic pathways?
Apo is through the cell wall, sym is through the cytoplasm
What substances waterproof a leaf?
Cutin, suberin, other fatty substances
How do cell walls create wood?
They thicken until they are dense and kill organelles
