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General Plant Biology (PLB-200) > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the botanical disciplines?

A

Plant Anatomy, Plant Physiology, Plant Taxonomy, Plant Ecology, Plant Morphology, Genetics, Cell Biology, Economic Botany, and Ethnobotany

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2
Q

What are the attributes of living organisms?

A

Growth, Reproduction, Response to Stimuli, Metabolism, Movement, Complexity of Organization, and Environmental Adaptation

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3
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms bound together

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4
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

When two atoms complete their outermost energy level by sharing a pair of electrons

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5
Q

What does nonpolar mean?

A

Electrons are shared equally

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6
Q

What does polar mean?

A

Electrons are shared unequally (like water)

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7
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Electrons in the outermost orbital can be removed from one atom and transferred to another atom. When oppositely charged ions come into contact.

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8
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Forms as a result of attraction between positively charged hydrogen atoms in polar molecules and negatively charged atoms in other polar molecules

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9
Q

What is the living substance of cells?

A

Cytoplasm and structures within it

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10
Q

What is 96% of a cell composed of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

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11
Q

Simple molecules and ions are converted to large, complex molecules through what?

A

Metabolism

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12
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Formed when two or more small units called monomers bond together

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13
Q

What controls the bonding of monomers?

A

Enzymes

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14
Q

What do polymers include?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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15
Q

What is the most abundant organic compound in nature?

A

Cellulose

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16
Q

What is in a carbohydrate?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of CH2O

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17
Q

What three basic kinds of carbohydrates are there?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

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18
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A simple sugar with backbones of three to seven carbon atoms (glucose and fructose)

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19
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Formed when two monosaccharides bond together (ex., sucrose)

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20
Q

What is polysaccharide?

A

Formed when several to many monosaccharides bond together

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21
Q

What forms can polysaccharides be in?

A

Starch (coils of glucose molecules) and cellulose (unbranched chain of glucose molecules)

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22
Q

What is the main carbohydrate reserve of plants?

A

Starch

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23
Q

What is the main structural polymer of plant cell walls?

A

Cellulose

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24
Q

What is a lipid?

A

Fatty or oily substances that are mostly insoluble in water

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25
Q

What do lipids do?

A

Store twice as much energy as carbs and it’s an important long-term energy reserve and structural component

26
Q

How are fats and oils produced?

A

One molecule of glycerol and three fatty acid molecules

27
Q

How many carbon atoms are in most fatty acid chains?

A

16-18

28
Q

What are waxes?

A

Lipids consisting of long-chain fatty acids bonded to a long chain alcohol, instead of glycerol

29
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

Like fats, but one of the fatty acids is usually replaced by a phosphate group

30
Q

What do proteins do?

A

Regulate chemical reactions in cells

31
Q

What are proteins composed of?

A

Polypeptides

32
Q

What are polypeptides composed of?

A

Chains of amino acids

33
Q

What are amino acids composed of?

A

Amino group (-NH2), Carboxyl group (-COOH), R group (can vary from one hydrogen to a complex ring)

34
Q

What are distinctive for each of 20 amino acids?

A

R groups

35
Q

What order do polypeptides structures build in?

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

36
Q

What is a polypeptide primary structure?

A

Sequence of amino acids bonded by peptide

37
Q

What is a polypeptide secondary structure?

A

Alpha helix or pleated sheet from hydrogen bonding

38
Q

What is a polypeptide tertiary structure?

A

Further coiling/folding maintained by R group interactions

39
Q

What is a polypeptide quaternary structure?

A

Association of multiple polypeptide to form a single protein

40
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Large, complex proteins that are organic catalysts under specific conditions

41
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Large, complex polymers. Vital to internal communication and function.

42
Q

What kinds of nucleic acids are there?

A

DNA and RNA

43
Q

What does DNA consist of?

A

A double helix of repeating subunits of 4 kinds of nucleotides

44
Q

What do nucleotides consist of?

A

A nitrogenous base, five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate

45
Q

How is RNA different than DNA?

A

In its sugar and one nucleotide components, occurs as single strand, and is directly involved in protein synthesis

46
Q

What are the primary wall components?

A

Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and cell wall proteins

47
Q

What kind of polymer are cellulose and starch?

A

Glucose

48
Q

How do cellulose polymers form microfibrils?

A

They H-bond with one another

49
Q

What configuration does cellulose have?

A

Stiff rod-like, unbranched

50
Q

What is bundled together in microfibrils?

A

Cellulose

51
Q

How do microfibrils contribute to cell expansion?

A

They orientate randomly to expand or orientate parallel to constrain expansion

52
Q

What is the difference between apoplastic pahways and symplastic pathways?

A

Apo is through the cell wall
Sym is through the cytoplasm

53
Q

What are cellulose and starch?

A

Glucose

54
Q

How do cellulose polymers form microfibrils?

A

They H-bond with one another

55
Q

What configuration does cellulose have?

A

Stiff rod-like, unbranched

56
Q

What is bundled together in microfibrils?

A

Cellulose

57
Q

How do microfibrils contribute to cell expansion?

A

They orientate randomly to expand or orientate parallel to constrain expansion

58
Q

What is the difference between apoplastic pathways and symplastic pathways?

A

Apo is through the cell wall, sym is through the cytoplasm

59
Q

What substances waterproof a leaf?

A

Cutin, suberin, other fatty substances

60
Q

How do cell walls create wood?

A

They thicken until they are dense and kill organelles

General Plant Biology (PLB-200) (5 decks)

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