Week 2 Flashcards
when you do something well and you look down on someone for not doing as good as you, or when you do something bad, you look at other people (probably those who did better than you) as a problem
Actor-observer effect
when you do something either good or bad and judge yourself for it; no one else involved, just YOU
Self-serving bias
Our tendency to attribute people’s behaviors to internal factors and underestimate their circumstances
Fundamental Attribution Error
What is the active process that imposes order and meaning?
Attention, Organization, and Interpretation
What are some internal factors that affect perception?
Limitations of our senses, motivations or interests, past experiences or expectations, and culture
What are some external factors that affect perception?
Salience and Vividness
what is salience?
properties that stand out from others which allows us to perceive things differently
what are some examples of salience?
intensity (IMAX movies), novelty (draws), large size (using foam fingers at stadiums), and motion (doing “the wave” at shows)
what is vividness in terms of perception?
Emotion-provoking properties
what is an example of perceiving vivid properties?
visuals of the plane crashing into the twin towers on 9/11
What does organization say about perception?
Perception is structured
what does interpretation say about perception?
It is the process of explaining what has been perceived
what is social perception?
perceiving others
what are communication scholars interested in (in terms of social perception)?
Attribution, impression formation, and error in social perception
what are three major factors that we can look at while examining behavior in the covariation theory?
consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness
why do stereotypes exist?
We possess a basic tendency to divide the world into social categories: us and them. We also have the tendency to put in little cognitive work while thinking about others
what is the halo effect?
future judgements influenced once a positive overall impression is formed
what is a “rusty halo”?
reputation for being unable to do anything right
what is the contrasting effect?
our reactions to a given person; stimulus is often influenced by other persons or stimuli we have recently encountered
what gets greater weight in impression formation?
primacy effects, info about extreme or unusual behavior, negative info, central traits, info from a credible source, info about stable traits
what is a stereotype?
A belief, almost always false, that all members of a given group possess certain traits or show certain kinds of behaviors
how do we form impressions?
first impressions are important, we are flooded with new info when we first meet someone, then we weigh all the separate pieces of info into a “weighted average”, where all info is weighted and averaged while some have more weight than others
what is perception?
a selection of info that people organize and interpret
Can we examine all aspects of social perception?
No because human behavior is complex
How do we organize info?
We see incomplete patterns as complete, we organize similar info with each other, and through figure ground
what is figure ground?
when we perceive images as having an object (figure) and a background (ground)
what is communication to DeVito?
the act, by one or more persons, of sending and receiving messages that are distorted by noise, occur within a context, have some effect, and provide some opportunity for feedback
what is communication to Williams?
The process of creating, transmitting, receiving, and interpreting between a source and a receiver
what is communication to DeFleur?
a process during which source individuals initiate messages using conventionalized symbols, nonverbal signs, and contextual cues to express meanings by transmitting info in such a way that similar or parallel understandings are constructed by the receiving party or parties whom the messages are directed
what do the three definitions (DeFleur’s, Williams’s, and DeVito’s) of communication emphasize?
the exchange of info and messages which have the same meaning, some form of activity that takes place, some context in which the activity takes place, some medium for this activity
how is communication symbolic?
people just have to agree about the meaning
how is communication transactional?
what you do affects others and vice versa?
how is communication a systematic process?
different activities work together like a system - the process is dynamic and irreversible
what are the primary components of communication?
people (sources and receivers), messages (verbal / nonverbal symbols), channels / mediums (how it’s transmitted), interference with message (distractions / preoccupations), feedback, and context / setting
what is communication?
People exchanging messages (including feedback) in certain contexts through channels that are affected by noise
What does the Shannon - Weaver model represent?
Telecommunication
What are examples of process models?
Berlo model and Schramm’s model
what are examples of transactional models?
Dance’s Helical model and Watlawick-Beavin-Johnson Model
What model characterizes linearity?
Source-Message-Receiver Model
