Week 2 Flashcards
1
Q
what are the symptoms of breast cancer?
A
- lump in breast or underarm
- thickening/swelling of breast
- redness/flakiness
- pulling/pain in nipple
- nipple discharge
- change in size/shape
2
Q
what are the symptoms of lung cancer?
A
- persistent cough (2-3 weeks)
- coughing up discharge/blood
- pain when breathing
- dyspnoea
- persistent fatigue
- unexplained weight loss
3
Q
what are the symptoms of prostate cancer?
A
- frequent urination
- nocturne
- dysuria
- blood in urine
- erectile dysfunction
- discomfort/pain when sitting
4
Q
what is the diagnosis process of breast cancer?
A
- physical examination
- mammogram
- ultrasound
- breast MRI
- biopsy
5
Q
what is the diagnosis process of lung cancer?
A
- chest x-ray/CT
- spirometry (lung function test)
- blood tests/biopsy
6
Q
what is the diagnosis process of prostate cancer?
A
- prostate specific antigen (PSA) test: blood test, measures PSA in blood
- digital rectal examination (DRE) asses texture/size/shape of prostate gland
- biopsy
7
Q
describe the TNM staging system
A
T- size of primary tumour
N- reached nearby lymph nodes?
M- metastases? (spread)
graded T1, T2 etc (M0- no spread, M1- spread)
8
Q
what are some different treatment options (that differ based on staging)?
A
- earlier stages (1 or 2) can be treated with surgery/post-op radiation therapy
- chemotherapy offered for larger/more aggressive tumours
- stage 3 or 4 cancers usually treated with chemo, surgery, then post-op radiation therapy
- hormone therapy/immunotherapy are also options
- cancers are treated with a combination of these treatments and may require second treatments
