Week 2 Flashcards
What are the three components of the Triple Assessment Approach for diagnosing diseases?
- Screening
- Cytology
- Histology
What are the key imaging techniques used in Breast Pathology?
Mammography (spiculated masses & microcalcifications), Ultrasound (hypoechoic lesions with irregular margins)
What is Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) used for in breast cancer diagnosis?
Rapid, cost-effective diagnostic tool using a 23G needle to extract fluid for cytology analysis
What distinguishes Fine Needle Biopsy (FNB) from FNA?
Extracts tissue core for histology, used when FNA is inconclusive, guided by imaging (ultrasound)
What are the key surgical interventions for breast pathology?
Core biopsy (Mammotome-assisted), Wide Local Excision (WLE), Mastectomy, Wire-guided excision
What are the 5 types of surgery? DTECP (Did the elephant cause panic?)
- Diagnostic (biopsy)
- Therapeutic/Curative (tumor removal)
- Exploratory (laparoscopy)
- Cosmetic (reconstruction)
- Palliative (symptom relief)
What are benign breast conditions that may mimic cancer?
FCMFG (For C may fail greatly)
Fibroadenoma - Painless lump, smooth, high Oestrogen levels
Cysts - Caused by high oestrogen levels, firm fluid
Mastitis - Swelling and red, may be Staph Aureus, infl macrophages
Fat Necrosis - Lump, giant nucleated cells with foamy macrophages
, Gynecomastia - In males, caused by drugs (spironlactone) low cell count
What are the major types of lung cancer?
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Adenocarcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Large Cell Carcinoma. Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC): Aggressive, rapid spreading
What imaging and tests are used to diagnose lung cancer?
Chest X-ray, CT scan, Sputum cytology, Bronchoscopy with biopsy
What is the screening method for colorectal cancer?
Fecal occult blood test (FOBT), Colonoscopy (gold standard), CT colonography
What are the screening & diagnostic tests for kidney cancer?
Blood & urine tests, CT scan or MRI, Ultrasound, Biopsy (Histology)
What are the common kidney diseases?
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD), Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis), Glomerulonephritis, Renal thrombus
What are the dissection categories based on complexity?
Category A: Simple transfer (biopsy samples), Category B: Minimal dissection (tonsils, lymph nodes), Category C: Moderate dissection (gallbladder, appendix), Category D: Complex dissection (thyroid tumors, gastric ulcer), Category E: Highly complex (renal resection, mastectomy)
What are the essential tools for dissection?
Air Filtered Operating Unit (AFOS), Cutting board, Forceps & knives, Measuring ruler & scales, Inks & cassettes
What are the types of skin biopsy techniques?
Shave biopsy, Punch biopsy, Excisional biopsy, Wedge resection
What are the complications of surgical procedures?
Bleeding, Infection, Fibrosis/scarring, Anesthetic risks
What is the role of the Royal College of Pathologists in dissection?
Provides standardized guidelines, Ensures competency in dissection training, Categorizes specimens from A-E
Why is inking important in tissue dissection?
Inking helps identify surgical margins, orientation, and ensures accuracy in histopathological diagnosis.
What training is required before performing dissection?
Pathologists and biomedical scientists must complete competency-based training following the Royal College of Pathologists’ standards
Risks involved in an incorrect dissection
Loss of critical diagnostic information, incorrect tumor staging, misidentification of margins, and potential legal implications
Symptoms of renal tumour
Hematuria, back pain, UWL, fever
Hysteroscopy
Inspection of the uterus
Features of proper kidney function
Electrolyte balance, 800-2l daily,
UTI
Caused by bacterial infection, untreated can lead to kidney failure
