Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the common sens or heuristics for

A

Simplify things so that they are easier to understand

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2
Q

Human brains liké shortcuts ( belong to common sens, heuristics : what does it implies

A

. Simplifying catégories, ex stereotypes
. Rules of thumb (an approximate method for doing smtg, based on practice rather than theory)
. ‘common sens’ so obviously true, ideas are so widely accepted that they are rarely questionned
.shortcuts solve PB but also create misunderstandings, cognitive bias bcs it is context dépendent and evolve

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3
Q

What are the main points of common sens, heuristics

A

.shortcuts
.WE construct dichitomies ( White vs black, right vs wrong…)
. Scientist researchers resist these heuristic urge

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4
Q

How Can scientifists resist heuristics

A

. Précision and transparency
. Think critically abt other plausible explenations+ verify the strength of their findings
WATCH OUT FOR THE STRAW MAN: rep deliberatly unreal of a scholars theory, to thé point that WE Can sée thé pitfall, thé weakness and so easier to attack

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5
Q

Essentialism

A

Belief that certain traits are intrinsic to certain catégories ( women are x and man y, germans are liké that…)

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6
Q

Reification

A

Critiquing thé idea that essential traits are naturel
–> they are socially constructed : are man X bcs they are naturally x are are they x bcs société Sées them as x, they build themeselves as x

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7
Q

Ontology

A

Thé question: what is reality, what do WE know abt reality? What is thé nature of thé social World?

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8
Q

Epistemology

A

How Can WE know things abt thé reality? Expérience, use of our senses, reason?

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9
Q

Methodology

A

What process do I use to build this knowledge abt reality

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10
Q

Diff btwn foundationalism and anti-foundationalism

A

Adress thé nature of reality and how WE Come to know it
. Foundationalism : thé belief that there is an objective reality that exist indépendamment of our perspectives and interprétations
Reality observés through scientific approach
WE Can build our knowledge on firm, unchanging truths or foundations

. anti-foundationalism: reality id not fixed or Indep of human perception but is socially constructed

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11
Q

Positivism

A

A. Core Principles:
.objective reality outside, Indep of human belief and perceptions
.sc method for analysis, based on observations and not based on théories: data, hypothèses…
.use of science/ concept of naturalism: social sciences should bé studied thé same way as natural science

B. Positivism in political researches
.behavioralism: name of positivism in political researches : study of observable pol behaviour rather than abstract théories
.empiricism: belief that knowledge Comes from observed and measured phenomena
.value-free knowledge: researchers can achieve objective, value free know by distinguish btwn facts and values

C. Hypothesis and falsification:
.testing falsifiability ( Karl Popper): hypothèses tested empirically( so on expériences)
.methodological individualism: analyzing social phénoména by understanding thé actions and choices of indiv
.RC Theory

D. Goals of positivist researches
. Explain causal relationship, law-like rules of cause and effect that explain how and why smtg happened
. Prédictive power: make prédictions on future behaviour/ évent
. Probabilités and explenations: incorporation of probabilistic reasoning to explain thé likelihood of outcomes

E. Évolution to causal inferentialism ( focus on making inférences that go beyond immédiate data)
2 types of inférences:
.. descriptive: using Obs to understand unobserved facts
..causal: drawing ccl abt causal effets from data

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12
Q

Interpretivism

A

A.core concepts:
. Subjective reality, social World=/ natural World bcs constructed through human perceptions and interactions , no objective reality
.meaning and understanding: understanding how hum give meaning to things évents: hum actions are meaningful, goal-oriented ans embedded within spé cultural and social context
.no Universal Law, no law-like généralisation ( dépend of thé context)

B. Nature of social scientist
. Embeddedness: part of thé World they study and their interprétations are shaped by their own expériences and context
. Constructing interprétations on how others interprétations thé world : more subjectivity again
. Hermeneutics: thé art of interprétation ( Derria: “il n’y a pas de hors-texte “: everything is subject to int and there is no meaning Indep from thé concept
.double hermeneutics(Giddens): findings influence and become part of thé social World they describe
.verstehen: deep, empathetic understanding of HB, so researchers view thé World from thé perspective of thé people whitin it

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13
Q

Researches in IR:

A

.scholars ar ‘sc réalist’: accepting thé idea of a reality out there BUT understanding how it is shaped and filtered by structures and perception that are not observable
So belnd both pos and int
.Richard Ned Lebow’s métaphore of being a rancher or a farmer
..farmers( historians): seeking deep, context, spé évents, cultural influence, nuanced interprétations
..ranchers ( IR scholars): broad expanses, larger patterns and théories that help make sens of general trends

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14
Q

Researches as a murder mystery

A

.how did the victime dies? Causal chain of évent, explaning how she ceased to live ( positivist domain, inferentialists)
.why did sm wish to kill her? Involves actors, agency, meaning ( interpretivism)

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15
Q

Methods for answering research qu

A

Déductive approach and inductive approach

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