week 2 Flashcards
a ) ______________
➔ Early systems used paper-and-pencil methods.
➔ Data was organized in file folders and filing cabinets.
➔ Suitable for small data sets with minimal reporting needs.
Challenges:
● Inefficient for large data sets and complex reporting requirements.
● As organizations grew, managing data manually became increasingly difficult.
Manual File Systems
b ) ___________
➔ Transition from manual to computer-based systems for efficiency.
➔ Reports generation was slow and labor-intensive in manual systems.
➔ Computerized systems introduced data files similar to manual files but automated reporting.
Challenges:
● Early computerized file structures often mirrored manual systems, which were not ideal for
databases.
Computerized File Systems
data processing (DP) specialist was hired to create a computer-based system that would
track data and produce required report
data processing (DP) specialist
________
A character or group of characters (alphabetic or numeric) that has a specific meaning.
A field is used to define and store data.
_______
A logically connected set of one or more fields that describes a person, place, or thing.
_______
A collection of related records.
For example, a file might contain data about the students currently enrolled at Gigantic
University
field
record
file
File System Redux: Modern End-User Productivity Tools
Personal computer ____________ such as Microsoft Excel are widely used by business users,
and they allow the user to enter data in a series of rows and columns so the data can be manipulated
using a wide range of functions
.
Misuse of Spreadsheets:
● ____________: Spreadsheets are frequently used as makeshift databases, despite
being less suited for such tasks. Users often replicate traditional manual data storage methods in a
digital format.
● __________: With numerous users independently managing spreadsheets, multiple copies of
data emerge, leading to inconsistencies and redundant data management issues
spreadsheet programs
Substitution for Databases
Duplicate Data
_________ consists of logically related data stored in a single logical data repository
Database system
__________
A data abnormality in which inconsistent changes have been made to a database.
For example, an employee moves, but the address change is not corrected in all files in the
database.
data anomaly
Database System Environment
__________ refers to an organization of components that define and regulate the collection, storage,
management, and use of data within a database environment
database system
____________ refers to all of the system’s physical devices, including computers, storage devices, printers,
network devices, and other devices (automated teller machines, ID readers, and so on)
Hardware
_____________
Manages database operations, including data storage, retrieval, and manipulation.
Three types of software are needed to make the database system function fully:
____________ manages all hardware components and makes it possible for all other
software to run on the computers.
_____________ manages the database within the database system.
_______________ are used to access and manipulate data in the DBMS and
to manage the computer environment in which data access and manipulation take place. Utilities
are the software tools used to help manage the database system’s computer components
Software
Operating system software
DBMS software
Application programs and utility software
____________
Users interact with the database system to perform tasks such as querying, updating, and managing data.
Five types of users can be identified in a database system:
● ______________ oversee the database system’s general operations.
● ______________, also known as DBAs, manage the DBMS and ensure that the database is
functioning properly.
● ___________ design the database structure. If the database design is poor, even the best
application programmers and the most dedicated DBAs cannot produce a useful database
environment.
● _______________ design and implement the application programs. They design
and create the data-entry screens, reports, and procedures through which end users access and
manipulate the database’s data.
● ________ are the people who use the application programs to run the organization’s daily
operations.
People
System administrators
Database administrators
Database designers
System analysts and programmers
End users
_________ covers the collection of facts stored in the database.
Because data is the _________ from which information is generated, determining which data to enter
into the database and how to organize that data is a vital part of the database designer’s job.
➔ Represents the core content of the database system
Data
raw material
A __________ performs several important functions that guarantee the integrity and consistency of the data in
the database. Most of those functions are transparent to end users, and most can be achieved only
through the use of a DBMS.
DBMS
Data dictionary management
The__________ stores definitions of the data elements and their relationships (metadata) in a data dictionary.
In turn, all programs that access the data in the database work through the DBMS. The DBMS uses the
data dictionary to look up the required data component structures and relationships, thus relieving you
from having to code such complex relationships in each program.
____________
A DBMS component that stores metadata-data about data. The data dictionary contains data definitions
as well as data characteristics and relationships. May also include data that is external to the DBMS
DBMS
data dictionary
Data transformation and presentation
The _______ creates and manages the complex structures required for data storage, thus relieving you from
the difficult task of defining and programming the physical data characteristics.
A _________ provides storage not only for the data but also for related data-entry forms or screen
definitions, report definitions, data validation rules, procedural code, structures to handle video and picture
formats, and so on.
Data storage management is also important for database performance tuning.
__________
Activities that make a database perform more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed
DBMS
modern DBMS
performance tuning
