Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PNB 2XA3 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Dorsal vs. ventral

A

Dorsal = where stream (depth)
To posterior parietal cortex

Ventral = what stream
To infotemporal cortex (below temporal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Binding problem - spatial position

A

Different systems “remember” where in space those properties came from.

Assumes if properties come from the same space they belong to the same object.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Binding problem - rhythm

A

If the different neural systems processing the stimulus are firing in synchrony, one can assume they are processing the same environment.

  • partially due to attention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Perceptual constancies

A

figures perceived as constant despite changes in retinal images

  1. size (as things move away from us)
  2. shape (when viewed from diff angles)
  3. brightness (compared to background like the checkerboard shadow thing)
  4. colour (when in diff lighting)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gestalt principles; form perception

A

how we group and organize input into objects

  1. figure-ground
  2. similarity
  3. closure
  4. proximity
  5. continuity (X)
  6. common fate (move together like a school of fish)
  7. simplicity (made of simpler forms)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Oculomotor vision cues

A

The actual info from eyeball muscles

Accommodation: Lens bending for near vs. far things
- near spaces

Convergence: angle between eyeballs for near vs far things
- up to 10m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Monocular vs binocular cues

A

monocular
- can see the illusion with only one eye

binocular
- must use both eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Binocular cues

A

convergence
- angle at which eyes point to each other
- up to 10m

binocular disparity
- eyes have slightly different views of the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Monocular cues - Motion

A
  • motion parallax/movement gradient
    (as an observer moves, the retinal images of nearby objects move more rapidly than do the retinal images of objects farther away)
  • structure through motion (ex. glow in the dark dots on people)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Monocular - Static (pictorial cues)

A
  • interposition
  • linear perspective (converging lines as they get further into the distance)
  • reduced clarity (of further things)
  • height in the visual field (further = higher)
    relative size
  • shading (ex. concavity)
  • textural gradients (closer things bigger and more detailed)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

take in raw data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Top-down

A

use prior knowledge, conceptual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Global and local

A

Global to local (recognize whole, then parts)

Local to global (recognize parts, then whole)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Reify

A

The constructive or generative aspect of perception

Perceived spatial info is more explicit than the sensory stimulus itself

Reify = to make real

  • ex. when you see things in the blank spaces of a drawing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Optical illusion examples

A

Ames room
- messes with depth perception

Disney castles
- small windows make them look taller

Lord of the rings
- position hobbits to make them look smaller then gandalf

  • Cornsweet effect
  • Shadow on checkerboard
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The educated eye

A

are some experts able to “see” better

Ex. cinematographers, snipers

Due to training or natural talent

17
Q

Object recognition

A
  • first organize by our perceptual system
  • then identify the object

recognition =/= perception

recognition depends on contextual effects
and constraint
satisfaction

18
Q

Object agnosia

A

Apperceptive agnosia
= Perceptual representation where you can’t organize parts into a whole
- Can use context clues
Ex. can’t find dalmatian in that spotty image

Associative agnosia
- Can’t do identification; meaning

19
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

face blindness
- can’t recognize their identity
- can usually tell it’s a face and the gender and age of a person, but can’t tell you who it belongs to

20
Q

Akinetopsia

A
  • Patient LM developed this disorder at 43 bc of a blood clot
  • Can perceive objects normally but can’t perceive motion
  • Dees nothing during the movement, but sees the object before and after it moved
  • She can infer change but can’t perceive the motion

It was hard for her to cross the street bc she didn’t know which cars were parked or moving, had a hard time following conversations because she couldn’t see lip movement, was anxious with people moving bc she couldn’t see their movement, pouring cups of coffee

21
Q

Eye path

A

Cornea -> lens -> retina

22
Q

Retina - rods and cones

A

Rods
- Rods used for semidarkness
- Can’t see colour
- Can see different intensities of light

Cones
- Less sensitive so they need more light
- See colour
- More acuity = can see detail
- Closer to the fovea

23
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

Active cells INHIBIT their neighbouring cells

24
Q

Cell path

A

Photoreceptors → bipolar cells → ganglion cells

25
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Their axons make up the optic nerve

26
Q

Optic nerve

A

Leaves the eyeball and goes to the LGN in the thalamus

27
Q

Wavelength of light + visible spectrum

A
  • 360-750 nm is the visible spectrum
  • Wavelength is distance from crest to crest
28
Q

Parallel processing

A
  • processing in different areas at the same time
  • as opposed to serial processing
29
Q

Advantages of parallel processing

A
  • Speed; don’t have to wait for one analysis to be complete
  • Mutual influence; they fill in each other’s blanks
30
Q

Conjunction errors

Binding

A
  • When we have an overload of info we might bind incorrectly

Ex. see a red K and a blue T but report seeing a red T and a blue K

31
Q

Unconscious inference of size

A
  • used when keeping size constancy
  • calculating relative size of objects with other unchanging objects
    (ex. Dogs size vs chairs)
  • size of image on retina x distance between you and the object
32
Q

Optic flow

A

The pattern of change in the retinal image in which the image grows larger as the viewer approaches an object and shrinks as the viewer retreats from it

PNB 2XA3 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions