week 2 Flashcards
1
Q
physical dependence
A
- when a chronic user of a drug experiences a withdrawl syndrome upon cessation of administration
- eg headache no caffeine in the morning
2
Q
withdrawl syndrome
A
- a characteristic set of symptoms
3
Q
negative reinforcement
A
- engaging in some behaviour terminates or prevents the occurence of some unpleasant event
4
Q
why isn’t the word “addiction” used in professional terminology?
A
- uncertain definition and negative connotations
- substance use disorder instead, can range from mild-moderate-severe
5
Q
substance use disorder
A
- cluster of cognitive, behavioural and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using the substance despite significant substance related problems
- change in brain circuits that can persist beyond detoxification, relapses cravings
6
Q
3 levels of substance use disorder
impaired control
A
- take the drug in larger amounts/ over a longer period than intended
- desire to cut down/ regulate use, unsuccessful attempts
7
Q
3 levels of substance use disorder
social impairment
A
- failure to fufill major role obligations
- continued substance use despite persistent social/interpersonal problems
8
Q
3 levels of substance use disorder
risky use
A
- drug use where it’s physically hazardous
- continues substance despite knowledge of having problems
- failure to abstain from use once problem is identified
9
Q
3 levels of substance use disorder
pharmacological criteria
A
- tolerance requiring larger dose
- normal dose not having desired effect
- withdrawal symptoms
10
Q
substance induced disorders
A
- reversible, substance specific syndrome
- due to recent ingestion of a substance
11
Q
termination of drug action
A
- several routes, skin, lungs, kidneys, sweat
- most important, via urine after metabolised by liver
- liver site of enzymatic breakdown of drugs, results in metabolites
- metabolites, less readily reabsorbed from kidneys back into blood, not lipid soluble, ionized
12
Q
renal reabsorption
A
- pH dependent
- weak acids excreted more readily when tubular urine is alkaline because the weak acids become more ionized and are trapped in tubular urine
- weak bases are excreted more if urine is acidic
- used in treatment of drug toxicity, slow process
13
Q
elimination half life
A
- time needed for half of a drug dose to be eliminated from the body
- takes about 6 half lives for most of a drug to be eliminated and for a person to be considered drug free
14
Q
neurotransmission
A
- electrical impulse (action potential) travels along the axon of a presynaptic neuron toward the axon terminal
- causes vesicles to move toward the membrane of the axon terminal
- vesicle releases contents (neurotransmitters) into the synaptic gap
- bind to receptors on the post synaptic neuron, triggers action potential in the post synaptic neuron
- neurotransmitter released back into the synaptic gap
- some degraded by enzymes, some taken back into the presynaptic neuron (reuptake), repackaged into vesicles
15
Q
alcohol
A
- ethanol
- formed as a result of the conversion of sugars into cellular energy
- one molecule of glucose acted upon by yeast in the presence of heat and absence of oxygen
- produces cellular energy, 2 molecules of ethanol, 2 molecules of carbon dioxide
- naturally occurs in anything with sugar
16
Q
distillation
A
- process of creating a beverage with a higher alcohol concentration
17
Q
dr benjamin rush
A
- alcoholism is a disease an abstinence is the only cure
18
Q
temperance movement
A
- total abstinence
- alcohol prohibition legislation
- march 1918 - december 1919
19
Q
stats
A
- 15 percent all healthcare alcohol related
- 40 percent of traffic fatalities
- 50 deaths falls and fire
- die 15 years earlier
- 30x higher risk of suicide
20
Q
alcohol impairments on cognitive tasks
A
- more complex a task the lower the dose of alcohol neccesary to produce impairments
21
Q
alcohol use disorder
A
- 10% of men
- 5% of women
22
Q
AWOL
A
- alcohol without liquid, produces a fine alcohol inhaled by people
23
Q
alcohol absorption orally
A
- 20% stomach, metabolism by alcohol dehydrogenase
- 80% small intestine
- greater the concentration of alcohol, more rapid absorption
24
Q
alcohol is subject to metabolism in the stomach by…
A
alcohol dehydrogenase
25
Q
alcohol facts
A
- greater the concentration up to 25%, the more rapid
- other chemicals in alcoholic beverages slow absorption
- food slows absorption and can reduce peak BAC by as much as 50%
- carbonated absorbed more rapidly
- faster ingested, higher peak BAC
- lean person lower BAC than person with more body fat
26
Q
male vs female alcohol metabloism
A
- 15% metabolised by alcohol dehydrogenase
- women 50% less than men, women more alcohol enters blood stream
27
Q
metabolism of alcohol steps
A
- alcohol
alcohol dehydrogenase - acetaldehyde
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase - acetic acid
oxygen - carbon dioxide
water and energy
28
Q
legally impaired
A
0.05 or higher
0.05% of a persons blood
