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drugs and behaviour > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

drug

A

chemical compound that may produce psychological, behavioural and physiological effects

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2
Q

psychoactive effects

A

alterations in cognitive, behavioural and motor processes
eg. euphoria, perceptual time distortions, hallucinations, increased libido

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3
Q

commonly used drug groups

A

alcohol
caffeine
nicotine
cannabis
hallucinogens
inhalants
major stimulants
sedative-hypnotics
opiates

the same drug may fall into different categories depending on usage

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4
Q

ways of studying drug use on populations

A

surveying
- different methodologies across surveys make it hard to compare results

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5
Q

canadian tobacco alcohol and drugs survey

A
  • canadians 15 of older
  • approx 20% of the canadian population will develop a substance use disorder at some point
  • approx 67,000 deaths every year attributable to substance use (overdose, cancer, accident etc.)
  • approx 80% of canadians in the survey consumed an alcoholic beverage in the last year
  • 20% exceeded the low risk alcohol drinking guidelines
    (women, less than 2 standard drinks per day, max 10 per week)
    (men, less than 3 standard drinks per day, max 15 per week)
  • 15% current smokers
  • 15% tried e cigarettes
  • 20% used cannabis the past year, born in canada 30%, not born 15%
  • 3% stronger drugs
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6
Q

dicetylmorphine

A

heroin
- heroin is morphine with two acetyl grops added
- minor change of the morphine molecule, enters the brain more rapidly, more rewarding and addictive

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7
Q

chemical name

A
  • describe the type of molecule and the location of the chemical groups of the molecule
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8
Q

generic name/ non proprietary name

A
  • commonly used name, given by a company and can only be used by that company
    eg, prozac, valium
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9
Q

street name

A
  • sometimes derivatives of the trade name (eg, benzedrine = bennies)
  • sometimes effect of the drug (the love drug)
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10
Q

process of administering a drug and effects

A
  • must be administered and absorbed (into blood circulation)
  • drug is then distributed throughout the body via the circulatory system
  • drug reaches the site of action, exerts its effect, leaves the site of action
  • drug gets metabolised into an unactive form
  • the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body
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11
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

-administration
- absorption
- distribution
- metabolism
- elimination

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12
Q

pharmacodynamics

A
  • processes involved in the interaction of the drug with receptors
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13
Q

routes of administration

A
  • oral
  • absorption across the mucous membranes (snorting)
  • inhalation or pulmonary
  • injection (intravenously, subcutaneous, intramuscular)
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14
Q

routes of administration
oral

A
  • pass from the stomach/small intestine to the bloodstream
  • drugs that are alkaline (most drugs) become ionized in the stomach and cannot pass into the bloodstream
  • exit the stomach into the small intestine, more alkaline and can be absorbed through diffusion
  • routed to the liver where a substancial part may be metabolized (first pass metabolism) before the drug can produce an effect
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15
Q

routes of administration
mucous membranes

A
  • nose, eyes, vagina, rectum, across skin
  • witch trials, vaginally absorbed plant hallucinogens, poles slathered with ointments
  • skin usually by accident, pesticides, nicotine patch
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16
Q

routes of administration
inhalation

A
  • lung damage
  • nicotine, thc, solvents (glue, gasoline)
  • solvents: huffing, bagging
17
Q

why are drugs inhaled are faster

A
  • enter circulation
  • intravenous, go to the right side of the heart, lungs, left side of the heart and then into general circulation
  • vs lungs skip going to the right side of the heart, only 5-10 second difference
18
Q

routes of administration
injection

A
  • more rapid in areas with greater volumes of blood, muscles
  • intravenous, blood flow not relevant as directly in the bloodstream
  • mainlining = intravenous
  • skin popping = subcutaneous
19
Q

time after drug administration

A
  • inhalation
  • injection
  • snorting/huffing
  • injestion
20
Q

factors affecting the distribution of a drug
ionization

A
  • weak acids, weak bases
  • ionized molecules are noy readily absorbed
  • percent of nonionized molecules determines the rate of absorption
  • less and less acidic further away from the stomach
21
Q

drugs that are weak acids..

A
  • ionized in alkaline environments
  • less ionized in acidic environments
22
Q

drugs that are weak bases

A
  • ionized in acidic environments
  • less ionized in alkaline environments
23
Q

factors affecting the distribution of a drug
lipid solubility

A
  • diffusion, higher to lower concentration
  • if high concentration of a drug in the blood it will diffuse acrsss the blood blain barrier to an area of lower concentration, depends on the drug molecules able to penetrate the cell membranes
  • lipid soluble compounds penetrate cell membranes more readily than non lipid soluble compounds
  • eg heroin much more lipid soluble than morphine
24
Q

blood brain barrier

A
  • permeability characteristics of brain capillaries is restricted
  • reduces diffusion of water soluble and ionized molecules, does not impede lipid soluble or un-ionized materials
  • similar to the placenta, drugs taken by the mother gain access to the fetal blood supply
25
Q

drug concentration in fetal blood….

A
  • reaches 75% of that of the mother within 5 minutes of administration, can be higher sometimes
26
Q

receptor binding

A
  • drugs exert their effects by interacting with the receptors at the relevant target tissue (the brain)
  • bond forms between charged groups in the receptor molecule and oppositely charged groups on the drug
  • proportional effect to the fraction of occupied receptors
27
Q

agonist

A
  • drug that mimics the effect of a neurotransmitter
  • may occur because agonist binds to receptors, causes neurotransmitter to leak from the presynaptic element, blocks reuptake of released neurotransmitter/ inhibits metabolic breakdown of released neurotransmitter
28
Q

antagonists

A
  • compounds that reduce the effect of a receptor agonist by binding to active receptors but producing no pharmacological action
  • naloxone, opiate receptor antagonist
29
Q

different drugs exert different levels of…

A

agonistic activity
- possible to reduce the agnostic activity of one drug by using another one that will occupy the same receptors but exert a weaker agonistic action
- limited number of receptors to be occupied, even weak agonist, additional stronger one unable to access receptors
- recovery, take agonists, don’t feel the rush anymore if they take the drug

30
Q

dose-response curve (DRC)

A
  • drugs produce biological responses that are graded according to the amount of drug administered (dose)
  • vertical axis: percent of subjects exhibiting the measured effect
  • horizontal axis: dose
  • compare potency of drugs
  • more potent more left curved
  • more than one DRC per drug as they can have more than one effect
31
Q

ED50

A
  • dose of the drug which is effective in producing a response in 50% of subjects
32
Q

LD50

A
  • dose which kills 50% of subjects
33
Q

therapeutic index for a drug effect

A
  • ration LD50/ED50
  • higher the ration, greater the difference, less likely chance lethal/toxic effects will occur
34
Q

margin of safety

A

-margin of safety always smaller value than therapeutic index, more conservative measure than the therapeutic index
- LD1/ED99

35
Q

tolerance

A
  • chronic use, progressive attenuation of a drug effect
  • shift to the right in the dose-response curve
36
Q

sensitization

A
  • shift to the left in the dose response curve
37
Q

cross tolerance

A
  • change in responsiveness to one drug may transfer to other drugs
38
Q

tolerance does not occur to a drug….

A
  • tolerance occurs to the drug effects
  • develops at different rates to different drug effects

drugs and behaviour (2 decks)

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