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NUTR2101 > week 2 > Flashcards

week 2 Flashcards

module 1 topic 3 - digestion, absorption and metabolism

1
Q

positive energy intake =

A

energy in is greater than energy out = increase weight

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2
Q

negative energy balance =

A

Energy out is greater than energy in = decrease weight

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3
Q

what are the digestive processes converting macromolecules to monomers

A
  • carbohydrate to monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)
  • lipids to fatty acids
  • protein to amino acids
  • micronutrients are freed from macromolecules
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4
Q

where does most absorption take place?

A

small intestine

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5
Q

Why is adequate digestion and absorption processes key for optimal nutrition?

A

food constituents do not contribute to energy for health until they are “inside” the body

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6
Q

steps of ATP production from glucose

A
  1. anaerobic respiration
    one glucose molecule (glycolysis, to from pyruvate) has a net yield of 2 ATP
  2. Aerobic respiration
    one glucose molecule has a net yield of 32 ATP
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7
Q

describe post - prandial (fed state) energy metabolism

A

about anabolism
promotes up-regulation of relevant enzymes for:
- glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis)
- fat synthesis (lipogenesis)
- protein synthesis (gene expression -> mRNA translation into functional protein)
- Urea synthesis (from deamination of amino acid carbon skeleton use

inulin is the hormone primarily involved in the post-prandial state

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8
Q

mouth and salivary glands function (digestion)

A
  • Prepare food for swallowing: chewing, moistening with saliva
  • Detect taste molecules
  • Start digestion of starch with amylase enzyme
  • Start digestion of fat with lingual lipase
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9
Q

oesophagus function (digestion)

A

Moves food to stomach by peristaltic waves initiated by swallowing

The lower oesophageal sphincter prevents back flow (reflux) of stomach contents into the oesophagus

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10
Q

stomach function (digestion)

A
  • Secretes gastric juice containing acid, enzymes, and hormones
  • Mixes food with gastric juice, converting it to liquid chyme
  • Starts digestion of protein and fat
  • Kills microorganisms with acid
  • Secretes intrinsic factor, a protein required for vitamin B12 absorption
  • The pyloric sphincter controls the flow of stomach contents (chyme) into the small intestine
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11
Q

pancreas function (digestion)

A

Secretes pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine

The hepatopancreatic sphincter controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice from the common bile duct and pancreatic duct into the small intestine.

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12
Q

liver function (digestion)

A

produces bile to aid fat digestion and absorption

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13
Q

gallbladder function (digestion)

A

Stores and concentrates bile and releases it to the small intestine

The hepatopancreatic sphincter controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice from the common bile duct and pancreatic duct into the small intestine

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14
Q

small intestine function (digestion)

A
  • Mixes chyme with bile and pancreatic juice to complete digestion
  • Secretes hormones that help regulate digestive processes
  • Secretes digestive enzymes
  • Absorbs nutrients and other compounds in foods
  • Transports remaining residue to large intestine
  • The ileocecal valve prevents the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine
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15
Q

large intestine function (digestion)

A

Absorbs water and electrolytes (sodium and potassium)

Forms and stores faeces

Houses most of the gut microbiota

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16
Q

what are the digestive secretions and their functions

A

saliva - Dissolves taste-forming compounds; contains compounds that aid swallowing, digestion, and protection of teeth

HCl - Promotes digestion of protein, destroys microorganisms, increases solubility of minerals

mucus - Protects GI tract cells, lubricate digesting food

Bicarbonate - Neutralises stomach acid when it reaches the small intestine

Bile - Aids in fat digestion (emulsifies fat)

enzymes - Break down carbohydrates, fats, and protein into form small enough for absorption

hormones - Regulate food intake, digestion and absorption

17
Q

what are the gastrointestinal hormones?

A

Ghrelin, gastrin, CCK, secretin, motilin, GIP, Peptide YY

18
Q

ghrelin function

A

Increases appetite and food intake. Released by the stomach

19
Q

gastrin function

A

Triggers the stomach to release HCl and pepsinogen; stimulates gastric and intestinal motility. Released by the stomach and duodenum in response to food reaching the stomach.

20
Q

CCK function

A

Stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gall bladder. Released by the small intestine in response to dietary fat in chyme

21
Q

secretin function

A

Stimulates release of pancreatic bicarbonate. Released by the small intestine in response to acidic chyme.

22
Q

motillin function

A

Regulates motility of the gastrointestinal tract. Released by the small intestine in response to gastric distension and dietary fat.

23
Q

GIP function

A

Inhibits gastric acid secretion, stimulates insulin release. Released by the small intestine in response to glucose, amino acids and fat.

24
Q

peptide YY function

A

Inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretions. Released by the ileum and large intestine in response to fat in the large intestine.

25
Q

what are the 4 types of absorption

A
  1. passive
    - moves down the concentration gradient
    - substrate concentration dependant
  2. facilitated
    - requires a carrier protein; saturable
    - moves down the concentration gradient
  3. active
    - requires energy (ATP)+ Na+
    - can transport against the concentration gradient
  4. endocytosis
    - cell wall engulfs a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane
26
Q

define glycogenolysis

A

the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

27
Q

define glycogenesis

A

the synthesis of glycogen from glucose

28
Q

define glycolysis

A

the synthesis of glycogen to pyruvate

29
Q

define gluconeogenesis

A

the synthesis of glucose from non-glucose sources

30
Q

define lipolysis

A

the breakdown of triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids

30
Q

define esterification

A

the synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and glycerol

31
Q

define beta-oxidation

A

the oxidation of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA

32
Q

define lipogenesis

A

the synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA

33
Q

define ketogenesis

A

the synthesis of ketone bodies from acetyl-CoA

34
Q

define glucogenic amino acid oxidation

A

the oxidation of glucogenic amino acids to pyruvate

35
Q

define non-glucogenic amino acid oxidation

A

the oxidation of ketogenic amino acids to acetyl-CoA

36
Q

define protein catabolism

A

the breakdown of protein to amino acids

37
Q

define protein synthesis

A

the synthesis of proteins from amino acids

38
Q

in the first few hours of a fast, what is the primary fuel for the body

A

glycogen stored in the liver

NUTR2101 (8 decks)

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