Week 2 Flashcards
How do we categorize nursing…
Nursing is catagorized as a profession, an academic discipline, a science and a philosophy.
Ontology
What is reality
Epistemology
What and how can I know reality/knowladge
Theoretical perspective
What approach can we use to get knowladge?
Methodology
What procedure can we use to acquire knowladge?
Methods
What tools can we use to squire knowladge?
Sources
What data can we collect
Received worldview
Told or received - hard sciences (empiricism positivism, logical positivism) deductive, ahistorical, exist as is, one truth, prediction and control.
The four metaparadigms of nursing
-Person
-Enviroment
-Health
-Nursing
How do we categorize nursing?
Profession, academic discipline, science, philosophy
Deductive reasoning
Facts and rules
Inductive reasoning
Reasoning relies on patterns and trends
Peppers 3 world views
-World 1: “real” world - objective
-World 2: your personal knowledge/way of knowing/creating knowledge
-World 3: created knowledge about world 1 through world 2 processes
Ways of knowing
-Personal
-Aesthetic
-Ethical
-Empirical
-Emancipatory
Ways of knowing in epistemology
-Empirics
-Personal Knowladge
-Intuitive knowledge
-Somatic knowladge
-Metaphysical
-Esthetics
-Moral or ethical knowledge
Empirics
The scientific form of knowing. Empirical knowledge comes from observation, testing, and replication
Personal knowledge
A prior knowledge. Knowledge gained from the thought alone.
Intuitive
Included feelings and hunches. Intuitive knowledge is not guessing but relies on nonconsicous pattern Regi notion and experience.
Somatic knowledge
Knowledge of the body in relation to physical movement. Somatic knowledge includes experiential use of muscles and balance to preform a physical task.
Metaphysical (spiritual knowledge)
Seeking the presence of a higher power. Aspects of spiritual knowing include magic, miracles, psychokinesis, extra sensory perception, and NDEs.
Esthetics
Knowledge related to beauty, harmony, and expression. Esthetic knowledge incorporates art, creativity, and values.
Moral or ethical knowledge
Knowledge of what is right and wrong. Values and social and cultural norms of behaviour are components of ethical knowledge.
Knowledge types
-Explicit vs tacit
-Scientific vs traditional
-Formal vs informal
-Information vs know-how
Tacit knowledge
Tacit is knowledge that is known that cannot be told. It is the kind of knowledge that cannot be articulated because it has become internalized in the unconscious mind. Also called implicit or “know-how”
Explicit knowledge
Explicit knowledge is easily expresses, captured, stored and reused. It can be transmitted as data and is found in databases, books, manuals and messages (Nonaka, 1991). Called “know-what”
Scientific knowledge
-Scientific is the result of inquiry into the external world and how it effects us.
-Francis bacon - knowledge based on objective, empirical observation rather than “acceptance of the work of a higher being”
-Descartes’ dualism - mind and matter - each governed by a set of laws
Traditional knowledge
-It is practical common sense based on teaching and experiences passed on from generation to generation
-It is knowing the country. It covers the knowledge of the environment and the relationships between things.
-It is holistic, it is rooted in spiritual health, language, and culture.
-It’s an authority system, sets out rules governing the use of resources. It is truth.
-It’s a ways of life, using the heart and the head together, it gives Fred ability to people.
Formal knowledge
-Developed and researched knowledge eventually become general knowledge on how something works.
Informal knowledge
-The assimilation of knowledge into your everyday work and play
-informal knowledge was once formal; ie digital natives vs digital immigrants
In the beginning…nursing knowledge was…
-Early nursing was a practice profession - hand and heart… take direction, do not think
-Early history of knowledge development - nursing care was ‘passed on’ by elder to apprentice
-Task-oriented
-Florence’s contribution
1887 nursing job description
-In addition to caring for your 50 patients, each bedside nurse will follow regulations:
1. Daily sweep and mop the floors of your ward, dust the patients furniture and window sills.
2. Maintain even temp in your ward by bringing in a scuttle of a coal for the days business.
3. Light is important to observe the patients condition. Therefore, each day full kerosine lamps, clean chimneys and trim wicks.
What is philosophy
-Broadly - a way to discover knowledge, truth, and what is important to a discipline.
-nature of existence, knowledge, morality, reasoning, and human purpose
-Contribute to the creating of scientific worldview
-3 paradigms/ world views of thought
Received view
(Empiricism, positivism, logical positivism)
Precived view
(Human science, phenomenology, constructivism, historicism)
Postmodern
(Post-structuralism, post-colonialism)
Nursing philosophy
-Statement of foundational and universal assumptions, beliefs, and principles about the nature of knowledge and thought (epistemology) and the nature of entities represented in the meatapradigm
-Provides perspectives for practice, scholarship, and research
Philosophies impacting nursing theory development
-Experimental knowledge is the only true knowledge, came from shift from debating ideas to experimentation, direct observation and measurement
-Based on rationalism descartes; separation of metaphysic by bacon, newtons abstractionism and mechanical devices
-From 17th - 18th century
-Knowledge is based on what can be proven logically, tested scientifically, or verified empirically
Philosophy and scientific worldviews
-3 philosophical viewpoints have contributed to 3 paradigms / worldviews
-Recived
-Precived
-Postmodernism
Recived - positivism
-positivism: reality exists independent of culture / observer
- ‘truth’ is based achieving correspondence (or communication) b/w theoretical concepts observed
-Science can attain a ‘value free’ knowing of reality
-Clear difference b/w other ways of knowing (religion) and science
-Knowledge comes from experience
Empiricism
-Understand the parts of the whole to understand the whole itself
-Explain nature through hypothesis / theory development - (describing, explaining, and predicting)
-Involves validity, reliability and use of instruments which do not hold value or judgement
-testable
Post-positivism / logical positivism
-Reality is still “out there”
-Science only produces “inexact” knowledge about reality
-Conjuncture and deductive reasoning are used and theory development
-Observation undermines scientific theories
-Many paths and methods - but still only one truth
Precived - human science
-Draws more from social sciences
-“Human in world”
-Knowledge is value laden and contextual
-Human interpretation differs
Constructionism
-Thomas Kuhns idea of the paradigm
-Rejects the idea that the ‘truth is out there’
-Knowledge is built by a concencus across paradigms (the acceptance of many)
-Must justify the relevance and meaningfulness of the idea, rather than just justify weather it is true or not.
Historicism
-Role of history in development of knowledge
-Shared histories create knowledge
-Influence of culture, societal more, etc create knowledge
-Inrepretative
Neomodremism
-Above and beyond postmodernism
-Freedom to explore or propose alternative ways and methods for nursing science
-Multiple understandings of practice contribute to multiple structures of practice
-Reality is likely flawed
-Must use multiple was of knowing to establish an acceptable ‘reality’
Poststructuralism
-Knowledge uncertain
-Reality is flawed
-Based on exploring the structure that impacts Knowledge creation
Postcolonialism
-Through the lens of the opressed, oppressor
-Issues of power, economics, politics, religion, and culture
-Focuses on the consequences of control and exploitation of those who were “first” peoples by the colonizers (mostly european). Not historical, but present consequences (intergenerational trauma, loss of language, culture… etc)
Nursing science is
-System of relationship of human response in health and illness (includes biological, behavioural, social, and cultural domains)
-Nursing is both a practice science and a human science (practice sciences typically use quantities research methods while human science typically use qualitative research methods)
-Until very recently, quantitative methods for research were most valued
-Nursing scholars are still undecided about which method best demonstrate the essence and uniqueness of nursing.
What is a theory
-A systematic explanation of an event in which ‘constructs’ and ‘concepts’ are identified, and relationships are proposed, and predictions made
-A system of inherited propositions used to predict, explain, understand, and control a part of the empirical world.
-The unique theories and perspectives used by a disclipne that distinguishes it from other disciplines
-Theories of a discipline
(Clarify basic assumption and values, define the nature and pourpouse of practice)
Theories are composed of
-Concepts, propositions, and laws; they can be communicated
-Vary according to the number of elements, characteristics and complexity of the elements, and type of relationships among the elements
-Are invented rather than discovered
The importance of theory
-The initial work or nursing theorists aimed at clarifying the complex intellectual and interactions domains in expert nursing practice from the act of accomplishing the task
-The use of theory fosters and ability communicate professional convictions, guides ethical action, and fosters critical thinking
-The use of theory offers structure and organization to nursing knowledge and results in a systematic approach
-Promotes rational and systematic practice by challenging and also validating intuition.
