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Foundations II > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Indirect vs Direct Hernia

A

Indirect: Congenital vs adult, through inguinal canal and transversalis fascia, lateral to inferior epigastric artery
Direct: Not through inguinal canal, medial to inferior epigastric artery

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2
Q

Neural crest derivatives

A

DRG, sympathetic trunk, collateral ganglia, adrenal medulla cells, parasympathetic ganglia, melanocytes

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3
Q

Describe how a muscle is organized into cells and fasicles and how they relate to endomysium, perimysium and epimysium

A

Fibrils–>Fibers(cells)–>Fasicles–> Muscle
Endomysium- thin connective tissue layer surrounding fibers
Perimysium- surrounds fasicles and forms the larger septa within muscles
Epimysium- connective tissue surrounding the whole muscle

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4
Q

Describe the internal organization of a muscle cell (skeletal)

A

Thin myofilaments- actin, tropomyosin, troponin complex
Thick myofilaments- myosin (tail consisting of 2 heads with actin/ATP binding site+ 2 tails with heavy chains)
Sarcomere- from Z line to Z line, unit of contraction
Nuclei are peripheral

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5
Q

Describe the internal organization of a muscle cell (skeletal) cont.

A

Mitochondria- between myofibrils
Sarcoplasmic reticulum- smooth ER and reservoir of calcium
T-tubule- adjacent to SR, bring depolarization into interior of the cell
Triad- 2 terminal cisterna of SR + t-tubule

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6
Q

Z line

A band

H band

A

Marks the boundaries of sarcomere, attached to thin and thick filaments
Length of the thick filament in the middle of the sarcomere, contant length through contraction
Center with only myosin no actin

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7
Q

M line

I band

A

Overlap and interconnection of thick filaments

Consists of thin filaments. Z band bisects the I band
I+H band shorten during contraction

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8
Q

Histological Basis of DMD and myasthenia gravis

A

DMD- loss of dystrophin, loss of connection of muscle cells to connective tissue
MG- autoimmune disease where antibodies block the Ach receptor sites on the sarcolemma

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9
Q

Contraction Cycle

A

Nerve impulse arrives, t tubules carry depolarization to A and I band junction, L-type channel change conformation so open SR Ca channels to release calcium into sarcoplasm, calcium binds to troponin c, changes conformation of troponin I, allows myosin to bind with actin, ATP binding causes release, ATP hydrolysis causes head bending and new site attachment, P release causes head to tightly bind to actin

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10
Q

Muscle Innervation

A

Terminal axon enters sarcolemma of muscle cell at synaptic cleft defined as a motor end plate, sacrolemma of synaptic cleft has numerous folds
Motor unit- number of muscle fibers supplied by 1 neuron
More motor units great force of contraction

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11
Q

imaging modalities

A

x-ray radiographs, ultrasound, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear medicine, positron emission tomography

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12
Q

5 x-ray densities (from black to white)

A

air, fat, soft tissue or water, calcium or bone, metal or contrast

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13
Q

ALARA

A

minimize exposure to ionizing radiation

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14
Q

Identify organs of the lymphatic system

A

lymph vessels, lymph nodes and nodules, thymus, spleen, bone marrow, tonsils

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15
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A

Drain excess fluids from body tissues, re-circulate proteins from blood capillaries, absorb emuslified fat via lacteals in intestinal villi, B and T cells

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16
Q

Differences between lymphatic circulation and cardiovascular circulation

A

Lymphatic vessels begin blindly with no connection to blood capillaries, endothelial cells have no basal lamina and the cells have gaps between them

17
Q

B vs. T lymphocytes

A

T cells undergo initial differenitaitonin the thymus and are involved in cell=mediated response to foreign invasion
B cells undergo initial differentiation in the bone marrow and travel to peripheral sites (plasma or memory cells)

18
Q

Primary Lymphoid Tissue

Secondary Lymphoid Tissue

A

Thymus and bone marrow

Lymph Nodes, Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue, Spleen

19
Q

Lymphatic component of Lymph nodes

Blood Vascular Component

A

Cortical afferent lymphatics, subcapsular sinus, trabecular sinus, medullary sinus, hilus and efferent lymphatics
Afferent arteriole, efferent venule

20
Q

MALT (Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue)

A

Unencapsulated lymphoid tissue (Peyer’s patches), lamina propria lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages, the mucosal intra-epithelial lymphocytes, the mesenteric lymph nodes

21
Q

How do lymphatic vessels differ from blood vessels

A

Lymph vessles don’t have blood cells, extremely thin wall of mostly endothelium and CT, lymphatic vessles have valves to prevent backflow

22
Q

Spleen (White pulp)

A 
Periarteriolar Lymphoid sheath (T cell)
Germinal Center (B cell)
23
Q

Spleen (Red pulp)

A

Sinus and Cords

24
Q

Development of Coelom

Function

A

Pleural and peritoneal cavities are separated by diaphagm; pleural and pericardial cavities separated by pleuropericardial folds
Function of Coelom:allows internal organs to shift around and move independently of body wall

25
Q

Contents of the mediastinum

A

pericardium, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, vagus/phrenic/sympathetic trunk nerves
Middle mediastinum: pericardial sac and great vessels

26
Q

Axons that are myelinated

A

somatomotor, presynaptic sympathetic, and both processes of general sensory neurons (pseudounipolar)

27
Q

Cell process morphology

A 
Unipolar 
Pseudounipolar (general and visceral sensory neurons)
Multipolar (somatomotor, autonomic, and interneurons)
28
Q

Supporting cells PNS
Schwann cells

Satellite cells

A

Surrounds axons in both unmyelinated and myelinated nerves (1 schwann cell surrounds many axons if unmyelinated)
Equivalent cells surrounding cell bodies

29
Q

Supporting Cells CNS
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes

Microglia

A

CNS equivalent of schwann cells
A scaffolding in brain tissue, derivative from neural crest
Phagocytic cells

30
Q

Sheath of Schwann (neurilemma)

Myelin
Schmidt-Lanterman Cleft

Myelin basic protein

Protein O

A

Cytoplasm and organelles that are squeezed to the periphery
Schwann cell membrane
Narrow bands of continuity of cyoplasm from the axon to the exterior of the sheath
Contribute to compacting the myelin layer creating intracellular major dense lines
Extracellular intraperiod lines

31
Q

Epineurium

Endoneurium

Perineurium

A

Connective tissue sheath enveloping the entire nerve
Delicate connective tissue surround each individual neuron and its Schwann cell neurilemma
Surrounds groups of neurons, but it is not the nerve equivalent of perimycium. Contains collagen, tight junctions, and contractile filaments. Create nerve-blood barrier

32
Q

Compare and contrast malformations, deformations, and disruptions

A

ORGAN
Malformation during embryonic period- poor formation of tissue, abnormal developmental process (incomplete, redundant, aberrant morphogenesis) ex. cleft lip, polydactyly, spina bifida
REGIONAL
Deformation during fetal period- normal tissue formation but acted upon by abnormal forces ex. mandibular asymmetry, micgrognathia
Disruptions- normal tissue formation that then breaks down ex. encephalocele due to amniotic tear

33
Q

Common causes of malformation

A

single gene defects, chromosome abnormalities, multifactorial traits, maternal influences, unknown

34
Q

Sequences

A

1 single anomaly leads to another anomaly. Ex. Potter’s sequence (failure of kidneys to form leads to clubbed feet)

35
Q

Pleuropericardial folds

A

Separate pleural cavities from pericardial cavity which form fibrous layer of pericardium

36
Q

Phrenic vs. Vagus

A

Innervation: Diaphragm versus Thoracic and abdominal viscera
Origin: Cervical 3,4,5 versus Cranial 10
Location: Adherent to pericardium versus run alongside gut tube

37
Q

Factors in teratogenicity

A

Dose- determined by route of administeration, distribution, maternal metabolism effiency of transplacental transfer
Developmental stage- before implantation (no embryo), between 2-8 weeks (development of organs), after (affects the growth or function of organ)
Timing- critical period (when development is disrupted and may result in major congenital anomalies)
Maternal and fetal genotype- epoxide hydrolase activity and hydantoin

38
Q

Torch agents

A

toxoplasmosis, o (syphillis), rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes

Foundations II (6 decks)

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