Week 2 Flashcards
What does x̄ represent
Sample mean of x
What does μ represent
Population mean
How to make a mean deviation
square the deviations, add them, divide by the mean, and square root the value
What does σ represent
standard deviation of the population
What does s represent
The standard deviaton of a sample
Difference between population deviation and standard deviation
Check notes
What is descriptive research?
Data collection that tries not to interfere while describing the characteristics of a phenomenon
What is correlational research
A research idea that looks for relationships between variables using descriptive research methods to obtain data
What is experimental research
A research that manipulates variables in a controlled manner to isolate causes of phenomona
What is naturalistic observation
Recording behaviour in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation
-cant make casual referenses
-has high external validity
-Observation can effect behaviour
What is external validity
The extent to which we can generalize finding to real-world settings
What is a case study
A research design that examines one (or a few) person(s) in depth over an extended amount of time
-highly subjective
-can’t establish causation
-provides info that can’t be studied in the lab
-prone to biases
What do surveys and self reports do
Makes easy to collect large amounts of data however does not establish causation between variables
Disadvantges of surveys
-Responses are heavily influenced by wording
The assumption that the person has the isight into their own personality characteristic and they are reporting honestly
Does not establish causation
What is positive impression management
Trying to make ourselves look better
Malingering
Tendency to make ourselves look more psychologically disturbed to acheive a goal
What is random sampling
A procedure to ensure every person has an equal chance of being chosen
What is test-retest reliability
When a test is re-administered it should produce the same result as when it was administered the first time
What is interobserver (interrater reliability) reliability
Two or more people using the same test should arrive at the same conclusion
What is a correlational design
Can be used to explore the relationship between variables in psychology, but it is important to keep in mind that correlation does not equal causation.
What is an Illusory Correlation
Perception of statistical association when none exists
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to seek info that supports hypothesis while ignoring contradicting evidence
Availability Heuristic
When you estimate the likelihood of an occurence based on ease to which it comes to mind
Problems in experimental design
- Random assignment not used
- Confounding variable
- Subjects not blinded (placebo or nocebo)
- Demand characteristics
What is the experimenter expectancy effect
A phenomenon in which a researchers hypotheses lead them to biased outcomes
Who challenged Clever Hans the horse
Oscar Fungst
What are demand characteristics
Cues that help participants pick up that help support the researchers hypotheses
What was the little albert experiment and who did it
By conditioning a 9 month old baby to be scared of animals by making loud noises whenever it saw on animal
What was the monster study
Recruited orphans, gave one group good feedback on speech and the other poor feedback
What was the milgram experiment
The experimenter told the teacher various phrases in order to see how they would react and had them shock the patients if they got something wrong. Concluded that subjects would respond to authority
What was the bystander effect
Placing college student volunteers on the phone with somebody saying they needed help and found that students took longer to help with the more people within the conversation
What was the stanford experiment
Simulated prison environment, concluded that subjects absorbed the roles that they were given, making them more submissive or dominant.
Who controls the safety and ethics of research
Research Ethics Board
The (REB) has to do what
Weigh the potential long term benefits with the possible risk it contains
What are the risks that the REB weighs out
- Psychological harm
- Physical harm
- Protection of personal info
What is informed consent
The procedure of informing the volunteer about the parameters of the study and obtaining their consent without pressure
Deception
Purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment
What has been a crucial aspect to research
Animal research
What is the Nuremberg Code
A set of ethical principles that was established in relation to human research
Three R’s of non-human research
- Replacement: refers to methods which avoid or replace the use of animals in which they are not necessary
- Reduction: Refers to any strategy that will result in fewer animals being used
- Refinement: Refers to the modification of husbandry or experimental procedures to offset trauma
What is descriptive research
Data collection that tries not to interfere with how data arises in the real world
What is correlational research
research that looks for the relationship between variables
What are the two research branches of observational research
- Correlational (uses descriptive)
- Descriptive
What are case studies useful for
Proof that certain phenomonas are capable of occuring
What do case studies typically rely on
- Interviews
- Recollections
(prone to biases)
