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Psych 104 pre midterm 1 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does x̄ represent

A

Sample mean of x

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2
Q

What does μ represent

A

Population mean

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3
Q

How to make a mean deviation

A

square the deviations, add them, divide by the mean, and square root the value

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4
Q

What does σ represent

A

standard deviation of the population

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5
Q

What does s represent

A

The standard deviaton of a sample

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6
Q

Difference between population deviation and standard deviation

A

Check notes

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7
Q

What is descriptive research?

A

Data collection that tries not to interfere while describing the characteristics of a phenomenon

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8
Q

What is correlational research

A

A research idea that looks for relationships between variables using descriptive research methods to obtain data

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9
Q

What is experimental research

A

A research that manipulates variables in a controlled manner to isolate causes of phenomona

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10
Q

What is naturalistic observation

A

Recording behaviour in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation

-cant make casual referenses
-has high external validity
-Observation can effect behaviour

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11
Q

What is external validity

A

The extent to which we can generalize finding to real-world settings

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12
Q

What is a case study

A

A research design that examines one (or a few) person(s) in depth over an extended amount of time

-highly subjective
-can’t establish causation
-provides info that can’t be studied in the lab
-prone to biases

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13
Q

What do surveys and self reports do

A

Makes easy to collect large amounts of data however does not establish causation between variables

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14
Q

Disadvantges of surveys

A

-Responses are heavily influenced by wording
The assumption that the person has the isight into their own personality characteristic and they are reporting honestly
Does not establish causation

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15
Q

What is positive impression management

A

Trying to make ourselves look better

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16
Q

Malingering

A

Tendency to make ourselves look more psychologically disturbed to acheive a goal

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17
Q

What is random sampling

A

A procedure to ensure every person has an equal chance of being chosen

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18
Q

What is test-retest reliability

A

When a test is re-administered it should produce the same result as when it was administered the first time

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19
Q

What is interobserver (interrater reliability) reliability

A

Two or more people using the same test should arrive at the same conclusion

20
Q

What is a correlational design

A

Can be used to explore the relationship between variables in psychology, but it is important to keep in mind that correlation does not equal causation.

21
Q

What is an Illusory Correlation

A

Perception of statistical association when none exists

22
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

The tendency to seek info that supports hypothesis while ignoring contradicting evidence

23
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

When you estimate the likelihood of an occurence based on ease to which it comes to mind

24
Q

Problems in experimental design

A
  • Random assignment not used
  • Confounding variable
  • Subjects not blinded (placebo or nocebo)
  • Demand characteristics
25
Q

What is the experimenter expectancy effect

A

A phenomenon in which a researchers hypotheses lead them to biased outcomes

26
Q

Who challenged Clever Hans the horse

A

Oscar Fungst

27
Q

What are demand characteristics

A

Cues that help participants pick up that help support the researchers hypotheses

28
Q

What was the little albert experiment and who did it

A

By conditioning a 9 month old baby to be scared of animals by making loud noises whenever it saw on animal

29
Q

What was the monster study

A

Recruited orphans, gave one group good feedback on speech and the other poor feedback

30
Q

What was the milgram experiment

A

The experimenter told the teacher various phrases in order to see how they would react and had them shock the patients if they got something wrong. Concluded that subjects would respond to authority

31
Q

What was the bystander effect

A

Placing college student volunteers on the phone with somebody saying they needed help and found that students took longer to help with the more people within the conversation

32
Q

What was the stanford experiment

A

Simulated prison environment, concluded that subjects absorbed the roles that they were given, making them more submissive or dominant.

33
Q

Who controls the safety and ethics of research

A

Research Ethics Board

34
Q

The (REB) has to do what

A

Weigh the potential long term benefits with the possible risk it contains

35
Q

What are the risks that the REB weighs out

A
  • Psychological harm
  • Physical harm
  • Protection of personal info
36
Q

What is informed consent

A

The procedure of informing the volunteer about the parameters of the study and obtaining their consent without pressure

37
Q

Deception

A

Purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment

38
Q

What has been a crucial aspect to research

A

Animal research

39
Q

What is the Nuremberg Code

A

A set of ethical principles that was established in relation to human research

40
Q

Three R’s of non-human research

A
  • Replacement: refers to methods which avoid or replace the use of animals in which they are not necessary
  • Reduction: Refers to any strategy that will result in fewer animals being used
  • Refinement: Refers to the modification of husbandry or experimental procedures to offset trauma
41
Q

What is descriptive research

A

Data collection that tries not to interfere with how data arises in the real world

42
Q

What is correlational research

A

research that looks for the relationship between variables

43
Q

What are the two research branches of observational research

A
  • Correlational (uses descriptive)
  • Descriptive
44
Q

What are case studies useful for

A

Proof that certain phenomonas are capable of occuring

45
Q

What do case studies typically rely on

A
  • Interviews
  • Recollections

(prone to biases)

Psych 104 pre midterm 1 (3 decks)

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