week 1 Flashcards
Who believed psych was a study of consciousness
Wilhem Wundt
What did Wilhelm Wundt do
Establish psychology as a distinct discipline, opened psych lab, viewed it as a science
What is Occam’s Razor
When confronted with two or more equally good competing explanations, the most parsimonious is preferred
What was the goal of the Behavioural Perspective?
To predict and control behaviour
What temperament refers to the yellow bile
Choleric
What did structuralism rely heavily on and who pioneered it
Introspection, Wilhelm Wudnt and Edward Titchener
What is unconsciousness
Thoughts memories and desires that are below the surface of awareness and influence behaviour
What are minds in substance dualism
Immaterial (spiritual, rather than physical)
What did John B. Watson believe
That good science relies on good verifiability and psychologists were not using science to figure things out
What is a Freudian slip
The unconcious thoughts slipping out
What did humanists challenge
The determinism of behaviourism and psychoanalysis. (The idea that you could not control your behaviour)
Determinism was the belief that actions were outside of the human will
Who was seen as the first psychologist
Hippocrates
Who pioneered the Behavioural Perspective
John B. Watson
What is one of the goals of psychology (c)
To control behaviour through knowledge of its causes to enhance human and animal welfare
What is functionalism
A school of thought believing that the goal of psych was to analyze the function of consciousness not its structure
What is behaviourism
The theory that scientific psychology should study observable behavour
What is introspection
The looking into our own minds and reporting what we discover
Who pioneered psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
What is one of the goals of psychology (p)
To predict how people and animals will behave under certain conditions
What temperament refers to the phlegm
Phlegmatic
What did William James think conciousness was
A continuous flow
What is one of the goals of psychology (e)
TO explain and understand the causes of these behaviours
What was operant conditioning
method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior
What temperament refers to the black bile
Melancholic
origin of ology
referring to the study of something
What is substance dualism
Minds and bodies are distinct substances that interact
What are bodies in substance dualism
material
origin of Psych
referring to soul or spirit
What is structuralism
A school of thought believeing that the goal of psychology was to analyze the basic elements of consciousness and examine how they are related
What did Sigmund Freud do
Tried to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on Unconscious determinants of behaviour
What is one of the goals of psychology (d)
To describe how people and other animals behave
What is the mind-body problem
How do minds and bodies interact?
What theory implied 4 fluids controlled things like your emotion, complexion, and temperament
Humoral theory
What is the definition of psychology
The scientific study of the mind and behaviour
What was the humanistic behaviour
A theoretical orientation that emphasized the unique qualities of humans, especially their own freedom and potential for personal growth
What temperament refers to the Blood
Sanguine
What did functionalism rely heavily on and who pioneered it
Inspired by darwins theory of natural selection, William James
What did B.F skinner discover in relation to Behaviourism
Operant Conditioning
What philosopher argued for substance dualism
Rene Descartes
What was Decartes first principle
That his own mind exists
What does parsimonious mean
To require the least amount of new assumptions
Who pioneered the Humanistic perspective
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
What posed a problem to psychology
The behaviouristic perspective as it was very successful but unwanted
What is cognitive psychology
to infer un-observative constructs (mental processes) to answer phenomena
What is the biological perspective
Focuses on how brain processes and other bodily functions regulate behaviour
What is clinical psychology
The branch of psych concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of problems and disorders
Naive realism
The belief that what we see in the world is precisely as it is
Who employed the scientific method
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
Why was Semmelweis’s mortality rate in his ward higher than the other
He hypthosesized that the doctors were transmitting the post mortem particles to these women delivering babies
What is the scientific method
- Identify the question of interest
- Gather relevant information and formulate a testable hypothesis
- Design a study that can test the hypothesis
- Analyze the data and draw conclusions
- Report the findings and ask further questions
What is a deductive argument/statement
An argument which the conclusion necessarily follows the premise
Since men are mortal and socrates is a man. Socrates is mortal
Inductive argument/statement
An argument in which it is improbable that the conclusion is false given the premises are true
What is inductive reasoning used to create
Theories
When is a hypothesis falsafiable
When it is capable of being dispproved
