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Biomaterials > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the key to understanding matter?

A

understanding the attractive and interactive forces between atoms

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2
Q

What do different interactions between atoms give rise to?

A

different classes of materials

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3
Q

What is the major determinant of material properties?

A

the types of bonds formed between atoms

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4
Q

What are the 3 primary (or stronger) types of bonds?

A
  1. ionic
  2. covalent
  3. metallic
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5
Q

What is the strongest bond?

A

ionic bond

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6
Q

When an electron from one element is given completely to another in return for forming the bond

A

ionic bond

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7
Q

In this type of bond, positive charge attracts a negative charge

A

ionic bond

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8
Q

What is an example of an ionic bond?

A

salt
NaCl

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9
Q

In this type of bond, atoms are shared.

A

covalent bond

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10
Q

True or false: covalent bonds are good conductors of heat and electricity

A

false

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11
Q

What are two examples of covalent bonds?

A
  1. Water (H2O)
  2. Ammonia (NH3)
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12
Q

In this type of bond, electrons are shared to form a bond and all atoms donate electrons to form an electron cloud.

A

Metallic bonds

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13
Q

These atoms are good donors of electrons

A

metals

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14
Q

True or false: Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.

A

True

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15
Q

What is an example of a metallic bond?

A

pack of positive ions surrounded by negative delocalized electrons

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16
Q

Where in the periodic table would you find metal atoms and non metal atoms?

A
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17
Q

What are the two secondary (weaker) bonds?

A
  1. van der Waals
  2. hydrogen
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18
Q

What are secondary bonds based on?

A

attraction between atomic or molecular dipoles

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19
Q

This type of bond is between atoms or non-polar molecules that cause a temporary change in dipole moment arising from a brief shift of orbital electrons to one side of one atom or molecule.

A

van der Waals

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20
Q

This type of bond involves a hydrogen atom located between a pair of other atoms having a high affinity for electrons.

A

hydrogen bond

**pick up the FON

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21
Q

Are hydrogen bonds stronger than van der waals?

A

Yes.

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22
Q

Organize the bonds according to their relative strength (weak –> strong)
- van der waals
- ionic
- hydrogen
- metallic
- covalent

A
  1. van der waals
  2. hydrogen
  3. metallic
  4. covalent
  5. ionic
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23
Q

Classify covalent bonds, ionic bonds and metallic bonds as forming either molecules or lattices

A
  • covalent bonds form molecules
  • ionic and metallic bonds form lattices
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24
Q

When different elements bond together into a discrete unit

A

molecules

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25
Q

Covalent bonds commonly form

A

molecules

26
Q

What is the molecular weight of molecules?

A

sum of mass of each atom

27
Q

What are two examples of molecules?

A
  1. polymers
  2. resins
28
Q

Vast repeating arrays of bonded elements

A

crystal (lattices)

29
Q

Metallic and ionic bonds commonly form

A

crystal (lattices)

30
Q

What is the repeated pattern in a crystal (lattice) called?

A

unit cell

31
Q

What is the molecular weight of crystal (lattices)?

A

no molecular weight

32
Q

What are two examples of crystal (lattices)?

A
  1. metal alloys
  2. ceramics
33
Q

True or false: In crystal (lattices) there are fewer types of elements when compared to molecules.

A

True

34
Q

Elements that donate their electrons towards formation of metallic bonds in repeating crystalline array

A

metals

35
Q

Collections of metallic elements (Al) and nonmetallic elements (O) held together by ionic bonds in crystalline arrays

A

Ceramics

36
Q

The most diverse class of material because their unit structure is the molecule rather than the crystal. Elements are generally bonded via covalent bonds.

A

Polymers

37
Q

What are the 4 general properties of metals?

A
  1. strong, ductile
  2. high density
  3. high thermal/electrical conductivity
  4. opaque/optically reflective
38
Q

What are the 4 general properties of ceramics?

A
  1. strong, brittle
  2. medium-high density
  3. poor thermal/electrical conductors
  4. opaque, translucent or transparent
39
Q

What are the 4 general properties of polymers?

A
  1. weak, ductile
  2. low density
  3. low thermal/electrical conductivity
  4. opaque, translucent or transparent
40
Q

What defines a materials properties?

A

the atoms and their bonding arrangement

41
Q

What are the 4 material properties?

A
42
Q

Ionic bonds….
A) electrons are shared in a cloud
B) electrons from one element is donated to another element
C) electrons from elements are shared to form a bond
D) only metallic elements are bonded

A

B) electrons from one element is donated to another element

43
Q

A common characteristic/property of materials built with metallic bonds
A) only non-metallic elements are bonded
B) good conductors of electricity/heat
C) mechanically weak
D) polymers are built with metallic bonds

A

B) good conductors of electricity/heat

44
Q

Strongest atomic bond
A) covalent
B) metallic
C) ionic
D) van der Waals
E) hydrogen

A

C) ionic

45
Q

Weakest atomic bond
A) covalent
B) metallic
C) ionic
D) van der Waals
E) hydrogen

A

D) van der Waals

46
Q

Ceramics are built with
A) ionic bonds
B) metallic bonds
C) covalent bonds
D) van der Waals

A

A) ionic bonds

47
Q

Those properties that involve a reaction to an applied external load.

A

Mechanical properties

48
Q

Why do mechanical properties involve a reaction to an applied external load?

A

To predict the behaviour and determine if the material can operate without failure

49
Q

What are the 10 mechanical properties?

A
50
Q

What is the force/load?

A
51
Q

What is the definition of stress?

A
52
Q

What are the units for load?

A
  1. Newton (N)
    OR
  2. Pounds (lbf)
53
Q

Consider this example of a man and lady. Which heel is experiencing higher (A) load and (B) stress?

A

(A) male = higher load
- Fman = (100 kg)(9.81 m/s^2) = 981 N
- Flady = (50 kg)(9.81 m/s^2) = 490.5 N

(B) lady = higher stress
* if you took the above numbers and divided by the area, you would get the stress and the lady’s would be higher

54
Q

What are the units for stress?

A
55
Q

What are the two most common units used in the materials world?

A
  1. Megapascal (MPa)
  2. Gigapascal (GPa)
56
Q

Describe the stresses in a tooth

A
57
Q

What is the equation for strain?

A

change in length/ original length

58
Q

How do you measure mechanical properties?

A

utilizing the stress-strain curve

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSRqJdT2COE

59
Q

Why are mechanical properties relevant?

A
  1. predict deformation after applying a load
  2. predict failure of material
  3. determine the range of usefulness of a material and establish the service life that can be expected
60
Q

Which of the following is not considered a mechanical property?
A) stiffness
B) ductility
C) hardness
D) fatigue
E) hydrophobicity

A

E) hydrophobicity

61
Q

What are the units for stress?
A) N/m^2
B) N/m^3
C) N/m
D) grams/cm

A

A) N/m^2

62
Q

What are the units for strain?
A) cm/cm^2
B) %
C) cm
D) m

A

B) %

Biomaterials (10 decks)

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