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BIOCHEMISTRY > WEEK 2 > Flashcards

WEEK 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of hydrogen?

A
  • Can be polar or non-polar depending on which atom hydrogen is bonded to
  • Involved in dehydration and hydrolysis reactions
  • Found in almost all organic molecules
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of Hydroxyl (OH) groups?

A
  • Polar
  • Involved in dehydration and hydrolysis reactions
  • Found in carbohydrates, nucleic acids, alcohols, some acids and steroids
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of Carboxylic acids (COOH)?

A
  • Acidic
  • Involved in peptide bonds
  • Found in amino acids and fatty acids
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of Amino (NH2)?

A
  • Basic
  • May bond to an additional H+ becoming positively charged (NH3+)
  • Involved in peptide bonds
  • Found in amino acids and nucleic acids
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of Phosphate groups (H2PO4)?

A
  • Acidic
  • Link nucleotides in nucleic acid
  • Energy carrier group in ATP
  • Found in nucleic acids and phospholipids
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of METHYL (CH3)?

A
  • Non-polar
  • Tends to make molecules hydrophobic
  • Found in many organic molecules especially common in lipids
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7
Q

What is Oxidation?

A

Oxidation is the loss of electrons/loss of hydrogen atoms and is also the gain of oxygen/OH group

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8
Q

What is Reduction?

A

Reduction is the gain of electrons/gain of hydrogen atoms and is also the loss of oxygen

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9
Q

What are the major anionic (-ve) groups in the body?

A

Carboxylate groups
Phosphate groups
Sulfate groups

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10
Q

Compounds that contain nitrogen are usually _______ and can acquire a -ve charge

A

Basic

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11
Q

Simple sugars form _________ in condensation reactions

A

Polysaccharides

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12
Q

Nucleotides form ________ in condensation reactions

A

Nucleic acids

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13
Q

Amino acids form __________ in condensation reactions

A

Proteins

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14
Q

Fatty acids & Glycerol form _________ in condensation reactions

A

Lipids

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15
Q

Define ‘monosaccharides’ and give the equation formula used to calculate

A

Monosaccharides are carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolysed into simpler carbohydrates

Cn(H2O)n

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16
Q

What is a disaccharide and its general formula?

A

Condensation products of two monosaccharide units

Cn(H2O)n-1

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17
Q

What is an Oligosaccharide?

A

Condensation products of two to ten monosaccharide units

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18
Q

What is a Polysaccharide?

A

condensation products of more than ten monosaccharide units that are long carbohydrate molecules of repeated monomer units joined together by glycosidic bonds

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19
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule to another group. During this bond formation water is formed and thus is called condensation.

(Subunits of disaccharides and polysaccharides are linked by glycosidic bonds)

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20
Q

What is the difference between Homopolysaccharides and Heteropolysaccharides?

A

Homopolysaccharides are formed by one type of monosaccharide whereas Heteropolysaccharides are formed by more than one type

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21
Q

Glycogen is the storage of homopolysaccharide in animals and fungi, what are the other properties of glycogen?

A
  • More highly branched than amylopectin
  • Converted to glucose in a hydrolysis reaction
  • Mainly stores in the muscles and liver cells in mammals
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22
Q

Most lipids are ________ formed by condensation reactions of alcohols and fatty acids

A

Esters

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23
Q

What is the solubility of lipids in solvents?

A

Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform, alcohol and acetone

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24
Q

What does a lipid molecule consist of?

A

1 molecule of Glycerol and 1-3 molecules of fatty acids

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25
Q

What does a fatty acid consist of?

A

Carboxylic acid with hydrocarbon side chains

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26
Q

What do fatty acids exist in the body as?

A

Free acids & Fatty acyl esters

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27
Q

Fatty acids are released from these lipids on hydrolysis by ________

A

Lipases

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28
Q

What can fatty acids be divided into?

A

Saturated fatty acids and Unsaturated fatty acids

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29
Q

What is the difference between unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds with general formula (CnH2n-1 COOH) whereas Saturated fatty acids do not contain double bonds with general formula (CnH2n+1 COOH)

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30
Q

What is the difference between monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid?

A

Monounsaturated fatty acids contain ONE double bond whereas Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain more than one double bond

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31
Q

Define ‘Essential fatty acids’ (EFA)

A

Fatty acids that cannot be synthesised by the body and therefore should be supplied in the diet

32
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

Simple lipids in which glycerol backbone is esterified with three fatty acids

33
Q

What is esterification?

A

The process of combining an organic acid (RCOOH) with an alcohol (ROH) to form an ester (RCOOR) and water

34
Q

If three hydroxyl groups are esterified with the same type of fatty acid then the lipid is a _______________

A

Simple Glyceride

34
Q

If three hydroxyl groups are esterified with a different type of fatty acid then the lipid is a _______________

A

Mixed Glyceride

35
Q

If three hydroxyl groups are esterified with DIFFERENT types of fatty acids then the lipid is a ________________

A

Mixed Glyceride

36
Q

What are phosphoglycerides?

A

Membrane lipids in which two fatty acids are attached in ester linkage to the first and second carbons of glycerol and a highly polar or charged group is attached through a phosphodiester linkage to the third carbon

37
Q

What are the characteristics of phospholipids?

A
  • Amphipathic (contains large polar and non-polar regions)
  • Phospholipid has a polar hydrophilic “head” with a phosphate group attached to glycerol and a positively charged base and a non-polar hydrophobic “tail” with two long fatty acids
  • Amphipathic nature arranges it to a bilayer
38
Q

Phosphatidycholine (Lecithin) is found in membranes, what makes it a polar molecule at neutral pH?

A

Amine is +ve at neutral pH and Phosphate is -ve

39
Q

What are the two isomers of Glucose called and how are they determined?

A

“D-Glucose” (also known as dextrose) and “L-Glucose”

The OH group on the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group determines if it is an L or D isomer. L is for rotating optical light to the LEFT and D is for rotating optical light to the RIGHT.

40
Q

Carbohydrates are aldehydes or ketone derivatives of ____________________

A

Polyhedric Alcohols

41
Q

List the differences between macromolecules and micromolecules

A
  • SIZE (micro SMALL and macro LARGE)
  • WEIGHT (micro LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT and macro HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT)
  • STRUCTURE (micro simple and macro complex)
  • SOLUBILITY IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID (micro HIGHLY SOLUBLE and macro INSOLUBLE
42
Q

If the carbonyl group is an aldehyde, the sugar is an ____________

A

Aldose

43
Q

If the carbonyl group is a ketone, the sugar is a ___________

A

Ketose

44
Q

What are the functions of polysaccharides?

A
  • Storage (Starch, Glycogen, Insulin)
  • Structure (Cellulose, Chitin)
45
Q

Describe the structure of Glycogen

A

Glycogen contains chains of 12-14 alpha D-Glucose residues with branching by means of glycosidic bonds

46
Q

What are the main conjugated/compound lipids found in the body?

A

Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Lipoproteins

47
Q

What is the chemical name for essential fatty acids (EFAs)?

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)

48
Q

Name three Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs)

A

Linoleic Acid
Linolenic Acid
Arachidonic acid

49
Q

Sphingolipids do not have a glycerol backbone; they are formed from ______________

A

Sphingosine

50
Q

What is sphingosine derived from?

A

Serine and palmitate (a specific fatty acid)

51
Q

Ceramides are _____________ formed from sphingosine by attaching a fatty acid to the amino group

A

Amides

52
Q

Sphingolipids are formed by attaching different groups to the _____________ on ceramide

A

Hydroxyl group

53
Q

What are the properties of the lipoprotein ‘Chylomicron’?

A
  • Largest
  • Lowest in density due to high lipid to protein ratio
  • Highest in triacylglycerols as % of weight
54
Q

What is the property of VLDL (very low density lipoprotein)?

A

2nd highest in triacyglycerols as % of weight

55
Q

What does IDL stand for?

A

Intermediate Density Lipoprotein

56
Q

What is the property of LDL (Low density lipoprotein)?

A

Highest in cholesteryl esters as % of weight

57
Q

HDL (high density lipoprotein) is highest in _________ due to high protein/lipid ratio

A

Density

58
Q

What are ‘derived lipids’?

A

A large variety of highly lipid-like compounds or compounds derived from the intermediates of lipid metabolism

59
Q

What can derived lipids be classified into?

A

Terpenes (Isoprenoids) & Eicosanoids

60
Q

What are the chemical properties of Isoprene?

A
  • A five carbon compound derived from condensation of acetyl co-enzyme A molecule
  • Can be linked in terpenes to form a variety of straight chain or cyclic molecules
61
Q

What are some examples of terpenes?

A

Steroids
Sterols
Fat soluble vitamins
Bile salts
Pigment

62
Q

What are the properties of Steroids?

A
  • Not formed from fatty acids but have some lipid like characters
  • Posses 17 carbon nucleus of four fused hydrocarbon rings
  • Steroids differ in the number and position of double bonds between carbon atoms and in the side group linked to the ring
63
Q

What are some examples of steroids?

A

Cholesterol
Ergosterol
Bile Salts
Sex hormones
Pigments

64
Q

___________ is the steroid precursor in human cells from which all of the steroid hormones are synthesised by modifications to the ring or C-20 side chain

A

Cholesterol

65
Q

___________ is a steroid and a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland

A

Cortisol

66
Q

____________ is a steroid and is a male sex hormone

A

Testosterone

67
Q

Cholesterol is not very water soluble so it is converted to amphipathic water-soluble bile salts such as ____________________

A

Cholic acid

68
Q

What is the purpose of bile salts?

A

Bile salts line the surfaces of lipid droplets (micelles) in the lumen of the intestine where they keep the droplets emulsified in the aqueous environment

69
Q

Eicosanoids are compounds derived from polyunsaturated fats, give three examples:

A

Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes
Leucotrienes

70
Q

What are the properties of Prostaglandins?

A

Prostaglandins are hormone-like compounds that are hydroxy derivatives of 20 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids

71
Q

Where can prostaglandins be found and what are their functions?

A

Prostaglandins can be found in human seminal fluid, uterus, stomach and lungs.

Functions include inflammation, allergic reaction, blood clotting and smooth muscle contraction

72
Q

Where are Thromboxanes formed and what is its function?

A

Thromboxanes are formed in the blood platelets and are associated with blood clotting

73
Q

___________ are secreted by leucocytes and include contraction of muscle in the lining of air passages to the lungs

A

Leucotrienes

(Overproduction of leukotrienes causes asthmatic attacks)

74
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

Amino acids contain an amino group, carboxyl group, H atom and an ‘R’ (side chain) group surrounding a central carbon atom

BIOCHEMISTRY (12 decks)

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