Week 2

Question 1

Piaget

Answer 1

1896-1980
-Mechanisms of adaptation and the nature of knowledge (epistemology)
-Worked on early intelligence tests
-Looked for patterns in children’s mistakes
-Cognitive development theory

Question 2

Cognitive development theory:
Constructivism

Answer 2

Children are mini scientists engaging with their surroundings to construct knowledge

Question 3

Cognitive development theory:
Schemas

Answer 3

Basic components of knowledge, what the child believes to be true about different subjects

Question 4

Cognitive development theory:
Schemas- equilibrium

Answer 4

When new experiences fit a child’s existing schema. When experiences do not fit it creates disequilibrium

Question 5

Cognitive development theory:
Schemas- adaption

Answer 5

Children can adapt to create equilibrium:
-Assimulation (incorporating new experience into schema)
-Accommodation (changing schema to fit new experience)

Question 6

Cognitive development theory: Stages
Sensory motor

Answer 6

0-2 years
-Use of sensory perception (looking, sucking, grasping, and listening) to understand world
-Develop habits, hand eye coordination, creativity, trail and error, object permanence

Question 7

Object permaence

Answer 7

0-8 months: no object permanence
8-12 months: A not B error (will search for object in last place they found it even if they saw it be moved
12-18 months: trouble with invisible displacement
18 months+: Object permanence mastered

Question 8

Cognitive development theory:
Pre-operational

Answer 8

2-7 years
-Begin to represent objects with language
-Egocentric: only see world through their view
-Learn through imitation and play
-Develop language, memory, and imagination

Question 9

Cognitive development theory:
Concrete-operational

Answer 9

-Logical reasoning begins
-Can perform concrete operations
-Understand conservation (volume does not change in different containers)
-Develop simple maths, sorting and classifying objects

Question 10

Cognitive development theory:
Formal operational

Answer 10

11 years+
-More flexible and rational thinking
-Ability to hypothesise, test, and reevaluate
-> e.g pendulum problem
-Understand abstract concepts
-Logical problem solving

Question 11

Vygotsky

Answer 11

1896-1934
-Interested in relationship between language and thinking
-Students continued his work after he died at 38
-Sociocultural theory

Question 12

Sociocultural theory:
Social Constructivism

Answer 12

Child is and apprentice learning through social interaction

Question 13

Sociocultural theory:
Social origins of higher functions

Answer 13

Some cognitive functions are innate (attention,l sensation, perception, memory) while higher cognitive functions are socially constructed (e.g. memory strategies)

Question 14

Sociocultural theory:
Zone of proximal development

Answer 14

The difference between developmental level through independent p[problem solving and potential development through adult guidance
-Scaffolding is putting the appropriate assistance in place

Question 15

Sociocultural theory:
Internalisation

Answer 15

Turning social functions you have learnt into psychological functions

Question 16

Sociocultural theory:
Language as a tool for thought

Answer 16

At 3 years, language and thought start to converge (inner speech), at 6/7, children begin to think in speech

Question 17

Sociocultural theory:
Self speech

Answer 17

Children perform better when talking to themselves

Question 18

Developmental theories

Answer 18

A theory is a statement that describes, explains and predicts behaviour to create a framework for understanding and application

Question 19

Developmental Questions:
Continuous vs discontinuous development

Answer 19

Continues suggests gradual changes whereas discontinuous suggests distinct stages

Question 20

Developmental Questions:
Normative vs individual development

Answer 20

Focus similar developmental changes and milestones over time (normative) or focus on differences of development between individuals/ groups

Question 21

Developmental Questions:
Nature vs nurture

Answer 21

The influence of biology (nature/ nativists) vs environment and upbringing (nurture/ empiricists)