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Brain mind and behaviour > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Aristotle’s five senses

A

Touch, sight, smell, taste, hearing
-Separate module for each sense
Not a comprehensive list of all senses, e.g missing temperature, balance, ect

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2
Q

Sense modalities:
Olfactory

A

Smell: food, pheromones, danger, ect

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3
Q

Sense modalities:
Somatosensory

A

Touch: heat, position, pain, ect

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4
Q

Sense modalities:
Auditory

A

Sound: words, threats, direction of noise ect

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5
Q

Sense modalities:
Visual

A

Sight: objects, faces, reading

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6
Q

Perception

A

Conscious high level processing of sensory information typically carried out in the prefrontal cortex

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7
Q

Sensation

A

The automatic collection of sensory information coded through sensory organs

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8
Q

Information Processing Approach

A

Information is processed in sequential stages passing information to different parts of the brain. E.g:
Sensory information (input) -> Mental operations (processing) -> Perception (output)

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9
Q

Sensory system organisation

A

Hierarchical Organisation- information processed through least to most complex systems
Functional Segregation- different analysis specialisms
Parallel Processing- processed in multiple systems at once (used to be considered serial processed but model changed to parallel)

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10
Q

Human eye structure:
Cornea

A

The protective layer at the front of the eye

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11
Q

Human eye structure:
Iris

A

The ring around the pupil which contracts and dilates to control light input

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12
Q

Human eye structure:
Pupil

A

The gap in the iris which allows light into the eye, allowing us to see objects

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13
Q

Human eye structure:
Lens

A

The clear layer behind the pupil which changes shape depending on the distance from the object we are looking at, to bend the light so it hits the retina in the right place

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14
Q

Human eye structure:
Retina

A

The light sensitive nerves which receive the light reflected off of objects

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15
Q

Human eye structure:
Optic nerve

A

Carries signals from the retina to the brain

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16
Q

Human eye structure:
Blind spot

A

The area where the optic nerve connects to the retina, creating a blind spot which cannot receive sensory information

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17
Q

Human eye structure:
Fova

A

A depression in the retina where visual information is received most accurately

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18
Q

Human eye structure:
Sclera

A

The whites of the eye

19
Q

Human eye structure:
Ciliary muscles

A

Control movement of pupil and lens

20
Q

Light & Visual perception

A

We can only see the visible light spectrum. Sunlight contains all colours in the visible light spectrum (Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red). Objects absorbs all light colours except for the colours they are. E.g. Red objects reflect red light and absorb all other colours, we perceive the object as red as that is the light reflected into our eyes.

21
Q

Eye position dispartity

A

Animals have eyes in different places depending on purpose e.g. reptiles and prey have eyes further apart to expand their field of vision while predators have eyes as the front for better vision of details and depth

22
Q

Binocular disparity

A

The eyes each have a slightly different perspective, allowing the brain to combine these images to perceive depth

23
Q

Eye movement:
Fixations

A

The points which our eye movements briefly stop on (3 per second)

24
Q

Eye movement:
Saccades

A

The rapid movements between fixations, needed as visual neurons respond to change rather than consistent input

25
Q

Eye movement:
Stabilized retinal images

A

Static imagine inputs in our visual neurons cause the image to disappear

26
Q

Eye movement:
Temporal integration

A

The integration of fixations allowing us to see details, and stopping images disappearing when we blink.

27
Q

Duplexity theory

A

The retina contains rods and cones, which are thought to help with different types of vision e.g. cones for photobic (bright light) vision & focus in the fovea while rods are for scotopic (low light) vision & are mostly in our peripheral

28
Q

Visual areas of the cortex

A

Posterior partial cortex
Prestraite cortex
Primary visual cortex
Inferotemporal cortex

29
Q

Dorsal vs Ventrical stream

A

Both receive information from primary visual cortex
-Dorsal (top) originally thought to be “where” path but now thought to be behavioural control pathway
-Ventral (bottom) stream originally thought to be “what” path, now thought to be conscious perception pathway

30
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognise faces, may not be specific to faces, caused by in the fusiform face area

31
Q

Damage to the primary visual cortex

A

Damage causes scotomas (blind spots) which are plotted using perimity tests
Blind sight is when patients can respond to stimuli in their scotomas

32
Q

Gestalt’s Laws:
Law of Proximity

A

Objects close together are grouped

33
Q

Gestalt’s Laws:
Law of Similarity

A

Similar objects grouped

34
Q

Gestalt’s Laws:
Law of Symmetry

A

Symmetrical objects are grouped

35
Q

Gestalt’s Laws:
Law of Contiuations

A

Aligned objects perceived as one entity

36
Q

Gestalt’s Laws:
Law of Proximity

A

Objects close together are grouped

37
Q

Ambiguity

A

Causes multi-stable perception (images can be perceived in different/ changing ways)

38
Q

Depth perception

A

Enabled by binocular disparity, can detect absolute distance (distance from observer to object) and relative distance (distance between two objects)

39
Q

Cues:
Monocular cues

A

-Texture gradients
-Relative size
-Interposition (objects obscuring other objects)
-Linear perspective (parallels appearing to converge towards horizon
-Aerial perspective (closer images clearer)
-Location in picture plane (higher objects seem further)
-Motion parallax (closer objects appear faster)
-Further colours appear bluer

40
Q

Cues:
Binocular cues

A

Level of disparity interpreted as cue of depth, becomes less effective the greater the distance

41
Q

Influence of context

A

Context can make objects appear different to their actual size

42
Q

Global processing

A

Processing the parts of an image as a whole rather than focusing on individual details

43
Q

Local processing

A

Processing the parts of an image separately rather than as one entity

Brain mind and behaviour (5 decks)

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