Week 1 Seminar

Question 1

Key Theories:
How experts think

Answer 1

Chi, M.T.H., Feltovich, P.J. and Glaser, R. (1981), Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices
-Experts think more abstractly while novices focus on surface details

Question 2

Key Theories:
Short term memory

Answer 2

Peterson, L., & Peterson, M. J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items.
-Short term memory lasts 15-30 seconds

Question 3

Key Theories:
How logical are you

Answer 3

Wason, P. C. (1968). Reasoning about a rule
-Formal logic is difficult

Question 4

Key Theories:
Power of framing

Answer 4

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice.
-The way a problem is worded changes the perception of a decision

Question 5

Key Theory:
Spotlight of attention

Answer 5

VanRullen, R., Carlson, T., & Cavanagh, P. (2007). The blinking spotlight of attention
-We only given attention to a portion of the information we are seeing
-We spend time with our virtual eye looking in a different direction to our physical eyes

Question 6

Key Theories:
The Cocktail Party

Answer 6

Cherry, E. C. (1953). Some experiments on the recognition of speech, with one and with two ears.
-The ability to isolate one voice in many and tune out other stimuli

Question 7

Key Theories:
Object Permanence

Answer 7

Huitt, W., & Hummel, J. (2003). Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
-Newborns lack object permanence, what they can’t see something it ceases to exist

Question 8

Key Theories:
The McGurk Effect

Answer 8

McGurk, H., Macdonald, J. (1976). Hearing lips and seeing voices.
-What we see can change what we hear

Question 9

Key Theories:
False memories

Answer 9

Hyman, I. E., Jr., & Pentland, J. (1996). The role of mental imagery in the creation of false childhood memories
-Memory is a recreation rather than accurate recording
50% of participants had a fake memory implanted

Question 10

Key Theories:
The Dunning-Kruger effect

Answer 10

Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments.
-People tend to overestimate their ability
-The least competent have the most confidence as they lack the knowledge to know what they don’t know