Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 152 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the levels of organization

A

(1) organism, (2) system, (3) organ, (4) tissue, (5) cell, (6) organelle, (7) macromolecule, (8) molecule,( 9) atom

(large to small)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is three main types of cell-cell connection?

A

tight junctions
- “leak-proof” barrier

desmosomes
- “sticky” glycoproteins, stick cells together

gap junctions
- protein channels, allow communication between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 4 tissue types

A

epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

explain secondary active transport

A

uses one concentration gradient as energy source for transport of something else

cotransport or symport- to go in same direction

counter-transport or anitport- to go in when other goes out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

explain osmosis

A

diffusion of water down its concentration gradient (passive transport)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

explain facilitated diffusion

A

Large water soluble molecules that use carrier protein (passive transport)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

explain simple diffusion

A

When small lipid soluble molecules can pass through gaps in the phospholipid bilayer or small water soluble may diffuse through channel proteins (passive transport)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 2 main transport types and describe them

A

Passive (diffusion)
- no energy required
- movement down concentration gradient
- eg.simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Active
- requires energy
- movement against concentration gradient
- “typical” (across membrane) or exocytosis and endocytosis (vesicular transport)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a gradient?

A

A full difference between two adjoining regions higher in one area and lower and another

Relates to the movement across a membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is diffusion?

A

net movement down a concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

a type of vesicular transport that migrates to cells membrane and fuses to expel contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

a type of vesicular transport

there is phagocytosis (solid particle engulfed) pinocytosis (dissolved particles engulfed e.g. liquid) and receptor mediated endocytosis which is specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

explain primary active transport

A
  • can go against concentration gradient
  • Na+ out K+ in ( sodium-potassium pump)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe muscle tissue

A
  • can contract and is responsible for movement
  • three types are CARDIAC (striated, one nucleus/cell, under involuntary control), SMOOTH (not striated,one nucleus/ cell , under involuntary control) and SKELETAL (striated, many nuclei/cell, under voluntary control)

location: heart, attached to bones, hollow visceral organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe nervous tissue

A

able to conduction action potential (an electrical signal)
made up of neurons (nerve cells) plus neuroglia (support cells)

Location: spinal cord, brain, nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe epithelial tissue

A

location: lining chambers, tubes and surfaces

characteristics: little extra cellular matrix, has connective tissue under, nutrients from diffusion, replaces itself

functions: absorb and secrete, protection, barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe connective tissue

A

supports, protects, gives structure, stores fat
types are CT proper (loose and dense), CT fluid, (blood and lymph) CT supporting (bone and cartilage)

18
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

structure: Single, cube shaped, may have cilia or micro villi

function: secrete and absorb

location: in kidney tubules, thyroid gland, salivary gland

19
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Structure: single, thin layer of flat cells

Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae. (Reduces distance and time of diffusion

Location: lining of lung aveoli and capilaries, lining of heart, blood vessels

20
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Structure: one layer, tall cells

Function: Absorption; secretion of in tubes and across large surfaces

Location: nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), Eg. Intestines

21
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Structure: Many layers of cells, apical cells appear flat: nuclei visible in apical layer non keratinized

Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion

Location: skin, lining of mouth, throat,esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina

22
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Structure: Many layers, cube shaped spherical nuclei

Function: secretion and absorption in ducts and tubes

Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface. Eg. Salivary gland, thyroid gland

23
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

Structure: many layers tall (apical)

Function: Protect and secrete

Location: male urethra, some ducks, larynx (only portions)

24
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Structure: multiple layers, appear puffy and cuboidal when relaxed but flat when stretched (cuboidal to Sqaumaous)

function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

25
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

Structure: some looks layered but all cells contact basement membrane; nuclei do not line up neatly

Function: protects, secretes and moves material through passageways

Location: Lines nasal cavity, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi

26
Q

Explain endocrine glands

A

They are ductless and produce hormones

27
Q

Explain exocrine glands

A

Release secretions on body surface or body cavities

Unicellular: produce mucin, protect and lubricate
Multicellular: many types, made up of duct and secretory portion

28
Q

Describe multicellular exocrine glands

A

Simple: duct no branches
Compound: branched duct tubular or acinar

Modes of secretion:
Merocrine- AKA. Eccrine exocytosis (cells are not altered)
Eg. Sweat glands, salivary glands, pancreas
Holocrine- acucumulate to rupture, while cell reaplaced
Eg. Oil glands
Apocrine- accumulate to pinch off
Eg. Not sure if in humans

29
Q

Types of Connective tissue

A

Location: everywhere

types: CT proper – Areolar, adipose,reticular, dense regular, dense irregular, elastic.
Supporting CT - cartilage, bone
Fluid CT - Blood, lymph

30
Q

Three main elements of connective tissue

A

Ground substance: “space filler” fluid helps connective tissue stick (part of ECM)

Fibres: Collagen (most abundant, strong) , elastic (long and thin, elastin proteins), reticular (shorter, sign, branch, support)

Cells: Can secrete the fibres and ground substance

31
Q

Areolar tissue

A

CT proper: loose

Structure: gel like, three fibre types

function: cushions, holds body fluid, helps to fight infection (houses macrophages)

location: around most organs and get pillories
e.g.Under dermis, digestive tract

32
Q

Adipose tissue

A

CT proper: loose

structure: adipocytes closely packed with large fat droplets

function: stores energy, insulation, supports and protects

location: under skin, around eyes, breast, butt

33
Q

Reticular tissue

A

CT proper: loose

structure: network of reticular fibres

function: provide “skeleton” to support other cell types

location: lymphoid organs
e.g. spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

34
Q

Dense regular tissue

A

CTproper: dense

Structure: Parallel collagen fibers; some elastin
Fibroblast = main cell type

Location: tendons, most ligaments

Function: provides very high tensile strength when pulled in one direction

35
Q

Dense Irregular tissue

A

CT proper: dense

Structure: Irregularly arranged collagen fibers, some elastin
Fibroblast = main cell type

Location: in dermis of skin, submucosa of gut, fibrous capsules of joints, etc.

Function: can withstand pulling in many directions (not just one)

36
Q

Elastic tissue

A

CT proper: dense

structure: Similar to dense regular or irregular CT, but with LOTS of elastic fibers

Location: supporting ligaments in spinal column and penis, plus transitional epithelium
Also in walls of some large blood vessels (e.g., aorta)

Function: Strong, but also allows for flexibility (stretch and recoil)

37
Q

Blood

A

Fluid CT

Structure: Many types of blood cells, surrounded by a fluid matrix (plasma)

Functions: Transport of nutrients, wastes, etc.
Also: lymph (another type of fluid CT)

38
Q

Hyaline cartilage Connective tissue

A

Structure: EYES, lots of collagen

Functions: support, cushioning

Example locations: embryonic skeleton, ends of long bones (=articular cartilages), costal cartilages of ribs; also in parts of your nose, trachea, and larynx

39
Q

Elastic Cartilage connective tissue

A

Structure:Similar to hyaline cartilage, but with more elastic fibers

Function: Can hold its shape and be very flexible

location: In your external ear and your epiglottis

40
Q

Fibrocatilage connective tissue (fibrous)

A

Structure: Similar to hyaline cartilage, but matrix is less firm
Lots of collagen fibers; different arrangement than in hyaline cartilage

Function: Good for absorbing shock.

Location: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of knee joint

41
Q

Compact bone connective tissue

A

Structure: Hardness (mineralized matrix) to resist compression stress,many collagen fibres

Function: provide support and protection

Location: diaphysis of long bones/ surfaces

42
Q

Spongy bone connective tissue

A

Structure: strong, mineralize fibres with spaces for bone marrow

Function: with stand stress from many directions, red s is a way of skeleton and forms framework,develops blood cells in bone marrow

Location: forms happy faces of long bones and inside flat irregular bones

Biology 152 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions