week 2 Flashcards
what genes cause hereditary breast and ovarian cancer?
BRCA1 and BRCA2
What is Lynch syndrome? What causes it?
early colon, uterine, and other cancers
caused by inherited genes that affect the MMR process (mismatch repair)
immediate precursor of urea and precursor of nitric oxide?
arginine
role of aspartate as an effector molecule?
excitatory neurotransmitter
role of glycine as an effector molecule?
inhibitory neurotransmitter
role of glutamate as an effector molecule?
excitatory neurotransmitter
what is glutamate the precursor of?
precursor of y-amino butyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory nt
what is histidine the precursor of?
histamine, a mediator of inflammation and is a nt
tryptophan us a precursor of what (x2)?
serotonin (potent smooth muscle contraction stimulator); melatonin (circadian rhythm regulator)
tyrosine is the precursor of what?
hormones and nt catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and thyroxine)
why do chaperones aid in protein folding?
binds the hydrophobic regions of a polypeptide; the chaperones are cage like structures consisting of 2 stacked rings. the partially folded protein enters the central cavity through hydrophobic interactions, is folded, and is released.
what are chaotropic agents?
a molecule in water that can disrupt hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules
name 2 chaotropic agents:
urea and guanidinium hydrochloride
what 3 diseases are caused by the prion protein (PrP)?
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob (humans)
- scrapie (sheep)
- bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease)
enzyme that converts dietary protein into polypeptides and amino acids (stomach)?
pepsin
enzymes from the pancreas that create oligopeptides and amino acids from polypeptides:
TCEC Trypsin Chymotrypsin Elastase Carboxypeptidase
enzymes from the small intestine that convert oligopeptides into single amino acids:
Amino peptidases
Di and Tri peptidases
where do single amino acids go after being degraded in the digestive organs?
liver
what is the categorical name of the pancreas enzymes responsible for digesting AAs?
zymogens
what is trypsin’s specificity for protein cleavage?
carbonyl must be from an arginine or lysins
what is chymotrypsin’s specificity for protein cleavage?
carbonyl must be from a Trp, Tyr, Phe, Met, or Leu
what is elastases’ specificity for protein cleavage?
carbonyl must be that of an Ala, Gly, or Ser
what is Carboxypeptidase A/B’s specificity for protein cleavage?
A) Ala, Ile, Leu, or Val
B) Arg, Lys
what is the common activator of all of the pancreatic enzymes?
trypsin