exam 1 review Flashcards
relevant features of the infant/toddler exam:
delayed growth
development
abuse/neglect
Immunizations
relevant features of the child exam (3-12 years):
visual/hearing deficits
accidents
abuse/neglect
immunizations
relevant features of female youth (3-12 years) exam:
rubella immunization, contraception, STDs, substance abuse
relevant features of the male youth (13-24 years) exam:
MVA, STDs, contraception, substance abuse
relevant features of the adult exam (25-44 years):
Female: CA, BP, substance abuse, eating disorders
Males : MVA, BP, cholesterol, DM, substance abuse, family violence
relevant features of middle aged exams (45-54 years):
Females: osteoporosis, DM; lung, colon, skin, and breast CA
Males: prostate/lung/skin/colon CA, ischemic heart, DM
relevant features of senior citizen exams:
Elder abuse, falls, drug related interactions, nutrition, CA
which vaccine is given to newborns immediately following birth? (AKA first vaccine received)
Hep B
In addition to Hep B, which other vaccines are received starting 1-2 months post-birth?
RV, DTaP, Hib, PCV13, IPV, yearly influenza (starting at 6 months)
key milestone at 6 months:
begins to sit without support
key milestone at 12 months:
says “mama” and “dada”
key milestone at 18 months:
begins to walk around towards the end of 18 months
minors who are allowed to consent to services on their own, without parental consent:
Minor who has graduated from HS
Minor who has been pregnant
Minor who has been married
Minor who has received court’s decree of emancipation
what are some treatments/diagnostic tests that minors can receive without parental consent:
Can provide informed consent for diagnostic tests and treatments related to a “reportable disease”:
Contraception, pregnancy, and STD testing
Health services to treat pregnancy, STDs, and prenatal care, “not including abortions”
Inpatient mental health treatment (voluntary consent, 14+ years)
Outpatient mental health (any minor over 14 years)
Substance abuse treatment
Emergency situations
How do USPSTF grade guidelines?
Grade A through Grade I
Grade A - recommends the service as there is a high certainty that the net benefit is substantial. Suggest to provide the service.
vs.
Grade I - concludes that current evidence is sufficient to asses the balance of benefits and harms, evidence is lacking, is of poor quality, or is conflicting. Balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined. Suggestion is that if the service is offered, patients should know about the uncertainty.
explain basic concepts of XR imaging:
XRays shot towards the patient
There is either absorption, partial absorption, scatter, or penetration
XRs that pass through the patient and penetrate the detector film, create an image
Few pass through - white
Many pass through - black
Differential tissue absorption based on:
Atomic weight (density)
Tissue depth (thickness)
2D representation of 3D structures - superimposition
explain the concept of CT imaging:
XRs used but in narrow slices
Generator and detector rotate completely around the patient
Computer reconstructs data to create a 2D image slice
Scan = series of multiple slices
Cross sectional anatomy
explain the concept of US imaging:
uses sound waves, based on the density of the tissue
explain the concept of MRI imaging:
magnetic and radiographic waves, non-ionizing radiation
explain the concept of nuclear medicine:
injects radioactive substance into the body to visualize function (PHYSIOLOGY), uses ionizing radiation
what does radiopaque/radiodensity mean:
few XRs pass through - appears white - metal
what does radiolucent mean?
many XRs pass through - appears black - air
Categorize different tissues from least to most opaque on x-ray including: air, fat, soft tissue, bone, and metal.
(least opaque) Air - fat - soft tissue (solid organs and fluid) - bone - metal (most opaque)
define hypodense/hypoattenuating:
CT terminology
appears dark
e.g. air