week 2

Question 1

how is most gender research constructed?

Answer 1

empiricism/positivism, deductive research.

Question 2

what is a cross lagged panel design?

Answer 2

cross-lagged panel design measures correlational data over two points of time and researchers can infer causation from a statistical strategy. (if correlation a is greater than correlation b, then it can be inferred that being employed leads to better health, rather than health leading to an increase in employment (for example).

Question 3

Difficulties in conducting gender research

Answer 3

Sampling issues, bias, rosenthals theory that the sex of the experimenter influences the social dynnamic of experiment, journal editors more likely to publish findings related to differences, rather than similarities. males always first in tables (despite not being alphabetically accurate).

Question 4

what are demand charicteristics?

Answer 4

cues that might clue in the participants to how they think they should behave in the study. Males will play a masculine role and females will play a feminine role –
even more so with males if their sexuality is questioned

Question 5

What is steriotype threat?

Answer 5

In stereotype threat, females perform equally well on tests, except if they are
reminded beforehand that it is a mathematical test and that females generally
perform poorly on such task [creates self-fulfilling prophecy and is seen by
the American Psychological Association as the ultimate explanation of the
“achievement” gap

Question 6

What are the beliefs that have meant women are underrepresented in top management positions.

Answer 6

1970s: women lack need for achievement.
1980s: need for achievment present, fear of sucsess
1990s; fear of sucess disappeared, concept of glass cieling appears.
present: gender role strain.

Question 7

Lets talk about Bem

Answer 7

conceptualised gender as more than the binary. however, in all Bems research, participants gavemasculine males and feminine females positive traits, and feminine males and masc females negative traits

Question 8

So, the difference in motor preformance:

Answer 8

slightly biological, but alos environmental; women have less opportunity to play sport to hone these abilities.

Question 9

So, the difference in sexuality…

Answer 9

when people talk about masturbation, involvement in uncomitted relationships (strangers etc, going on casual fuck me trips), and concluded oh men must like it more biologically, ignoring that women have barriers to this behaviour (physical safety, threat of rape/murder).

Question 10

So, the difference in agression?

Answer 10

physical agressive: males. Relational agression: females.

Question 11

what is gender role strain when applied to males?

Answer 11

1. Fear of expressing vulnerability – perceived as feminine by males,
   not attractive by females, and equated this with being gay
2. Avoid self-disclosure – symbol of being vulnerable
3. Avoid displays of emotions/pain – not masculine
4. If male friends attempt to disclose emotions/pain, then males see it best
   for the friend to ignore these attempts and keep his friend’s masculinity
   intact – punished for showing emotions and appearing vulnerable

Question 12

What is the gender role strain to females?

Answer 12

1. Fear of unemotional relationship [pressure to have causal sex]
2. Fear of physical unattractiveness [distortion of body image]
3. Fear of victimization [vulnerable to crime in society and home]
4. Fear of behaving assertively [at work and in relationships]
5. Fear of not being nurturant [loss of close [girl] friend]
   Working in male dominated industries:
6. Fear of being treated differently than men
7. Fear of lack of free time [to spend with partner and family]